The chameleon gravity model postulates the existence of a scalar field that couples with matter to mediate a fifth force. If it exists, this fifth force would influence the hot X-ray emitting gas filling the potential wells of galaxy clusters. However, it would not influence the clusters weak lensing signal. Therefore, by comparing X-ray and weak lensing profiles, one can place upper limits on the strength of a fifth force. This technique has been attempted before using a single, nearby cluster (Coma, z=0.02). Here we apply the technique to the stacked profiles of 58 clusters at higher redshifts (0.1<z<1.2), including 12 new to the literature, using X-ray data from the XMM Cluster Survey and weak lensing data from the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope Lensing Survey. Using a multiparameter Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, we constrain the two chameleon gravity parameters ({beta} and {phi}_{inf}_). Our fits are consistent with general relativity, not requiring a fifth force. In the special case of f_R_ gravity (where {beta}=sqrt(1/6)), we set an upper limit on the background field amplitude today of |f_R0_|<6x10^-5^ (95 percent CL). This is one of the strongest constraints to date on |f_R0_| on cosmological scales. We hope to improve this constraint in future by extending the study to hundreds of clusters using data from the Dark Energy Survey.