Extinction toward the Galactic Center (GC) is extreme and limits observations of its stars to the infrared. In addition, the extinction varies on scales of arcseconds. It is therefore highly challenging to distinguish between different stars photometrically and to identify young, massive, or intermediate-age stars that can trace recent star formation. Here we report the results of near-infrared imaging observations of a 6.0'x3.3' region at the GC that encompasses the northwest part of the nuclear star cluster and parts of the nuclear stellar disk. We carried out the observations with the wide-field camera MOIRCS of the Subaru Telescope, using three narrowband (NB) filters. Two of the filters trace the stellar continuum, while we use the third one to measure the strength of the CO absorption features that are prominent in the spectra of cool giants, shallower in the spectra of warmer stars, and absent in young massive stars. Thus, we aim to distinguish between old late-type giants and young and intermediate-age stars. We have found 131 candidates of young and intermediate-age stars. The magnitude limit is ~11.25 in the extinction-corrected K-band magnitude. The contamination of the candidates by old giants is estimated to be 26%. We show that our method allows us to identify correctly four out of five spectroscopically confirmed massive stars, and 68 of 75 spectroscopically confirmed cool stars (91%). Our results suggest that imaging observations with a CO NB filter can be complementary to other methods to identify massive stars in the GC.