TESS flare frequency distributions with CHEOPS Virtual Observatory Resource

Authors
  1. Poyatos J.
  2. Fors O.
  3. Gomez Cama J.M.
  4. Published by
    CDS
Abstract

Stellar flares are intense bursts of radiation caused by magnetic reconnection events on active stars. They are especially frequent on M dwarfs, where they can significantly influence the habitability of orbiting planets. Flare frequency distributions (FFDs) are typically modelled as power laws. However, recent studies have challenged this assumption, proposing alternative distributions such as lognormal laws that imply different flare generation mechanisms and levels of planetary impact. This study investigates which statistical distribution best describes flare occurrences on M dwarfs, considering both equivalent duration (ED), the quantity directly measured from light curve photometry, and bolometric energy, which is relevant for physical interpretations and habitability assessments. We analysed 110 M dwarfs observed with TESS and CHEOPS, detecting 5,620 flares. We decomposed complex flare events, corrected for detection biases in recovery rate and energy estimation, and scaled the FFDs from both missions to build a combined distribution covering 6 orders of magnitude in bolometric energy. We find that ED-based FFDs closely follow a power-law distribution, reflecting the intrinsic photometric flare occurrence. However, bolometric energy-based FFDs deviate significantly from a pure power law. These are better described by a lognormal distribution, although the best fit is achieved with a truncated power law, exhibiting a break at 1.8x10^35^erg. Using right-tail stabilised Kolmogorov-Smirnov and exceedance tests, we attribute this deviation to limited sampling of the most energetic events. Our results show that the low-energy flattening, previously interpreted as for lognormal behaviour, arises from observational biases and can be corrected through flare injection-recovery and the combination of observations from instruments with different sensitivities. We also find that current instruments are unable to reliably sample flares above 10^35 erg, which are the most relevant for exoplanetary atmospheric effects. The upcoming PLATO mission will be able to investigate both regimes.

Keywords
  1. m-stars
  2. stellar-flares
  3. photometry
  4. visible-astronomy
Bibliographic source Bibcode
2026A&A...708A.302P
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History

2026-04-20T08:43:21Z
Resource record created
2026-04-20T08:43:21Z
Created
2026-05-04T07:43:19Z
Updated

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