We investigate the linear polarization produced by interstellar dust aligned by the magnetic field in the solar neighborhood (d<50pc). We also look for intrinsic effects from circumstellar processes, specifically in terms of polarization variability and wavelength dependence. We aim to detect and map dust clouds which give rise to statistically significant amounts of polarization of the starlight passing through the cloud, and to determine the interstellar magnetic field direction from the position angle of the observed polarization. High-precision broad-band (BVR) polarization observations are made of 361 stars in spectral classes F to G, with detection sensitivity at the level of or better than 10E-5 (0.001%). The sample consists of 125 stars in the magnitude range 6-9 observed at the 2.2m UH88 telescope on Mauna Kea, 205 stars in the magnitude range 3-6 observed at the Japanese (Tohoku) T60 telescope on Haleakala, and 31 stars in the magnitude range 4-7 observed at the 1.27m H127 telescope of the Greenhill Observatory, Tasmania. Identical copies of the Dipol-2 polarimeter are used on these three sites. Statistically significant (>3sigma) polarization is found in 115 stars, and >2sigma detection in 178 stars, out of the total sample of 361 stars. Polarization maps based on these data show filament-like patterns of polarization position angles which are related to both the heliosphere geometry, the kinematics of nearby clouds, and the Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) ribbon magnetic field. From long-term multiple observations, a number (18) of stars show evidence of intrinsic variability at the 10E-5 level. This can be attributed to circumstellar effects (e.g., debris disks and chromospheric activity). The star HD 101805 shows a peculiar wavelength dependence, indicating size distribution of scattering particles different from that of a typical interstellar medium. Our high-S/N measurements of nearby stars with very low polarization also provide a useful dataset for calibration purposes.