Planck High-Redshift Source Candidates Catalog

Planck High-Redshift Source Candidates Catalog PLANCKHZSC ivo://nasa.heasarc/planckhzsc NASA/GSFC HEASARC Planck Collaboration et al. 2026-10-09 NASA/GSFC HEASARC help desk heasarc-vo at athena.gsfc.nasa.gov Survey Source The Planck mission, thanks to its large frequency range and all-sky coverage, has a unique potential for systematically detecting the brightest, and rarest, sub-millimeter sources on the sky, including distant objects in the high-redshift Universe traced by their dust emission. A novel method, based on a component-separation procedure using a combination of Planck and IRAS data, has been validated and characterized on numerous simulations, and applied to select the most luminous cold sub-millimeter sources with spectral energy distributions peaking between 353 and 857GHz at 5-arcminute resolution. A total of 2,151 Planck high-z source candidates (the PHZ list) have been detected in the cleanest 26% of the sky, with flux density at 545 GHz above 500 mJy. Embedded in the cosmic infrared background close to the confusion limit, these high-z candidates exhibit colder colors than their surroundings, consistent with redshifts z greater than 2, assuming a dust temperature of Txgal = 35 K and a spectral index of betaxgal = 1.5. Exhibiting extremely high luminosities, larger than 1014 Lsun, the PHZ objects may be made of multiple galaxies or clumps at high redshift, as suggested by a first statistical analysis based on a comparison with number count models. Furthermore, first follow-up observations obtained from optical to sub-millimeter wavelengths, which can be found in companion papers, have confirmed that this list consists of two distinct populations. A small fraction (around 3%) of the sources have been identified as strongly gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxies at redshift 2 to 4, while the vast majority of the PHZ sources appear as overdensities of dusty star-forming galaxies, having colors consistent with being at z > 2, and may be considered as proto-cluster candidates. The PHZ provides an original sample, which is complementary to the Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich Catalog (PSZ2); by extending the population of virialized massive galaxy clusters detected below z < 1.5 through their SZ signal to a population of sources at z > 1.5, the PHZ may contain the progenitors of today's clusters. Hence the Planck list of high-redshift source candidates opens a new window on the study of the early stages of structure formation, particularly understanding the intensively star-forming phase at high-z. The compact source detection algorithm used herein requires positive detections simultaneously within a 5-arcminute radius in the 545-GHz excess map, and the 857-, 545-, and 353-GHz cleaned maps. It also requires a non-detection in the 100-GHz cleaned maps, which traces emission from synchrotron sources. A detection is then defined as a local maximum of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) above a given threshold in each map, with a spatial separation of at least 5 arcminutes being required between two local maxima. A threshold of S/N > 5 is adopted for detections in the 545-GHz excess map, while this is slightly relaxed to S/N > 3 for detections in the cleaned maps because the constraint imposed by the spatial consistency between detections in all three bands is expected to reinforce the robustness of a simultaneous detection. Concerning the 100-GHz band, the authors adopt a similar threshold by requiring the absence of any local maximum with S/N > 3 within a radius of 5 arcminutes. The HEASARC has changed the names of many of the parameters from those given in the original table. In such cases we have listed the original names in parentheses at the end of the parameter descriptions given below. This table was created by the HEASARC in May 2017 based upon the <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/A+A/596/A100">CDS Catalog J/A+A/596/A100</a> file phz.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC . 2016A&A...596A.100P https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/all/planckhzsc.html Catalog Research served-by HEASARC TAP https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/cone?showoffsets&table=planckhzsc& GET text/xml 180 99999 true 354.360992 -71.470001 0.166666666666667 https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xamin/vo/tap https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/W3Browse/getvotable.pl?name=planckhzsc GET text/xml https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/W3Browse/w3query.pl?tablehead=name=heasarc_planckhzsc&Action=More+Options&Action=Parameter+Search&ConeAdd=1 PLANCK 0.166666666666667 Radio public planckhzsc Planck High-Redshift Source Candidates Catalog name Source Designation (PHz GLLL.ll+BB.bb) meta.id;meta.main char nullable ra Right Ascension degree pos.eq.ra;meta.main double nullable dec Declination degree pos.eq.dec;meta.main double nullable flux_545_ghz Flux Density of the Source at 545 GHz (Flux_CLEAN_545) mJy phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHz double nullable flux_545_ghz_sky_err RMS Uncertainty at 545 GHz Due to Sky Confusion (Flux_CLEAN_545_SIG_SKY) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHz double nullable flux_545_ghz_meas_err RMS Uncertainty at 545 GHz Due to Measurement Error (Flux_CLEAN_545_SIG_DATA) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHz double nullable flux_545_ghz_fit_err RMS Uncertainty at 545 GHz Due to Elliptical Gaussian Fit Accuracy mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHz double nullable snr_545_ghz Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the 545-GHz cleaned map (SNR_D545) stat.snr;phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable major_axis FWHM Along the Major Axis of the Elliptical Gaussian (GAU_MAJOR_AXIS) arcmin phys.angSize.smajAxis double nullable major_axis_error RMS Uncertainty of the FWHM Along the Major Axis (GAU_MAJOR_AXIS_SIG) arcmin stat.error;phys.angSize.smajAxis double nullable minor_axis FWHM Along the Minor Axis of the Elliptical Gaussian (GAU_MINOR_AXIS) arcmin phys.angSize.sminAxis double nullable minor_axis_error RMS Uncertainty of the FWHM Along the Minor Axis (GAU_MINOR_AXIS_SIG) arcmin stat.error;phys.angSize.sminAxis double nullable "__x_ra_dec" System unit vector column double nullable "__y_ra_dec" System unit vector column double nullable "__z_ra_dec" System unit vector column double nullable "__row" System index column char nullable phot_redshift_40 Sub-Millimeter Photometric Redshift Estimate with Txgal=40K (ZPHOT_40K) src.redshift.phot double nullable flux_353_ghz_fit_err RMS Uncertainty at 353 GHz Due to Elliptical Gaussian Fit Accuracy mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable sfr_40k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_40K (SFR_40K_LOW) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable phot_redshift_25_chi2 Reduced Chi Squared on the Best Fits on ZPHOT_25K (ZPHOT_25K_CHI2) stat.fit.chi2;src.redshift.phot double nullable fir_lum_40k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_40K (LFIR_40K_LOW) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable flux_353_ghz_meas_err RMS Uncertainty at 353 GHz Due to Measurement Error (Flux_CLEAN_353_SIG_DATA) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable flux_353_ghz_sky_err RMS Uncertainty at 353 GHz Due to Sky Confusion (Flux_CLEAN_353_SIG_SKY) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable phot_redshift_25_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_25K (ZPHOT_25K_LOW) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable sfr_30k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_30K (SFR_30K_UP) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable flux_857_ghz_meas_err RMS Uncertainty at 857 GHz Due to Measurement Error (Flux_CLEAN_857_SIG_DATA) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable phot_redshift_25_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_25K (ZPHOT_25K_UP) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_30_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on Redshift (ZPHOT_30K_UP) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_30 Sub-Millimeter Photometric Redshift Estimate with Txgal=30K (ZPHOT_30K) src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_35_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_35K (ZPHOT_35K_UP) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable sfr_25k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_25K (SFR_25K_LOW) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable sfr_45k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_45K (SFR_45K_LOW) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable flux_217_ghz_sky_err RMS Uncertainty at 217 GHz Due to Sky Confusion (Flux_CLEAN_217_SIG_SKY) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable snr_353_ghz Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the 353-GHz cleaned map (SNR_D353) stat.snr;phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable phot_redshift_35 Sub-Millimeter Photometric Redshift Estimate with Txgal=35K (ZPHOT_35K) src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_35_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_35K (ZPHOT_35K_LOW) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable snr_857_ghz Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the 857-GHz cleaned map (SNR_D857) stat.snr;phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable sfr_30k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_30K (SFR_30K_LOW) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable fir_lum_25k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_25K (LFIR_25K_LOW) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable fir_lum_25k FIR Luminosity Estimate with Txgal=25K (LFIR_25K) Solar_Luminosity phys.luminosity double nullable sfr_40k Star Formation Rate Estimate with Txgal=40K (SFR_40K) Solar_Mass/yr phys.SFR double nullable fir_lum_45k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_45K (LFIR_45K_LOW) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable fir_lum_40k FIR Luminosity Estimate with Txgal=40K (LFIR_40K) Solar_Luminosity phys.luminosity double nullable sfr_40k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_40K (SFR_40K_UP) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable bii Galactic Latitude degree pos.galactic.lat double nullable phot_redshift_50_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_50K (ZPHOT_50K_UP) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable sfr_25k Star Formation Rate Estimate with Txgal=25K (SFR_25K) Solar_Mass/yr phys.SFR double nullable flux_217_ghz Flux Density of the Source at 217 GHz (Flux_CLEAN_217) mJy phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable flux_857_ghz_sky_err RMS Uncertainty at 857 GHz Due to Sky Confusion (Flux_CLEAN_857_SIG_SKY) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable phot_redshift_50_chi2 Reduced Chi Squared on the Best fits on ZPHOT_50K (ZPHOT_50K_CHI2) stat.fit.chi2;src.redshift.phot double nullable fir_lum_45k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_45K (LFIR_45K_UP) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable phot_redshift_40_chi2 Reduced Chi Squared on the Best fits on ZPHOT_40K (ZPHOT_40K_CHI2) stat.fit.chi2;src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_30_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on Redshift (ZPHOT_30K_LOW) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable fir_lum_50k FIR Luminosity Estimate with Txgal=50K (LFIR_50K) Solar_Luminosity phys.luminosity double nullable sfr_35k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_35K (SFR_35K_LOW) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable phot_redshift_45 Sub-Millimeter Photometric Redshift Estimate with Txgal=45k (ZPHOT_45K) src.redshift.phot double nullable snr_excess_545_ghz Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the 545-GHz Excess Map (SNR_X545) stat.snr;phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable sfr_50k Star Formation Rate Estimate with Txgal=50K (SFR_50K) Solar_Mass/yr phys.SFR double nullable fir_lum_45k FIR Luminosity Estimate with Txgal=45K (LFIR_45K) Solar_Luminosity phys.luminosity double nullable phot_redshift_25 Sub-Millimeter Photometric Redshift Estimate with Txgal=25K (ZPHOT_25K) src.redshift.phot double nullable fir_lum_30k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_30K (LFIR_30K_UP) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable flux_353_ghz Flux Density of the Source at 353 GHz (Flux_CLEAN_353) mJy phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable herschel_flag Flag [01] Indicates Presence in the Herschel Follow-up Program (XFLAG_HERSCHEL) meta.code short nullable flux_857_ghz_fit_err RMS Uncertainty at 857 GHz Due to Elliptical Gaussian Fit Accuracy mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable sfr_50k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_50K (SFR_50K_UP) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable sfr_35k Star Formation Rate Estimate with Txgal=35K (SFR_35K) Solar_Mass/yr phys.SFR double nullable sfr_45k Star Formation Rate Estimate with Txgal=45K (SFR_45K) Solar_Mass/yr phys.SFR double nullable fir_lum_25k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_25K (LFIR_25K_UP) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable phot_redshift_45_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_45K (ZPHOT_45K_LOW) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable fir_lum_35k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_35K (LFIR_35K_LOW) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable phot_redshift_50_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_50K (ZPHOT_50K_LOW) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_50 Sub-Millimeter Photometric Redshift Estimate with Txgal=50K (ZPHOT_50K) src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_40_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_40K (ZPHOT_40K_UP) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable fir_lum_30k FIR Luminosity Estimate with Txgal=30K (LFIR_30K) Solar_Luminosity phys.luminosity double nullable cc_sel_prob Color-Color Selection Probability (PROB_COLCOL) stat.probability;src.class double nullable position_angle Position Angle of the Elliptical Gaussian (GAU_POSITION_ANGLE) degree pos.posAng double nullable e_bv_mean Mean Extinction E(B-V)xgal within the Source PSF (EBV_MEAN) mag phot.color.excess;em.opt.B;em.opt.V double nullable matching_planck_catalogs Contains the List of Planck Catalogs Matching the Source (XFLAG_PLANCK) meta.id.cross char nullable e_bv_aperture_error RMS Uncertainty of the Aperture Extinction E(B-V)xgal within the Source PSF mag stat.error;phot.color.excess;em.opt.B;em.opt.V double nullable fir_lum_40k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_40K (LFIR_40K_UP) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable fir_lum_50k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_50K (LFIR_50K_LOW) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable fir_lum_50k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_50K (LFIR_50K_UP) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable fir_lum_35k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_35K (LFIR_35K_UP) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable sfr_30k Star Formation Rate Estimate with Txgal=30K (SFR_30K) Solar_Mass/yr phys.SFR double nullable sfr_25k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_25K (SFR_25K_UP) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable phot_redshift_35_chi2 Reduced Chi Squared on the Best fits on ZPHOT_35K (ZPHOT_35K_CHI2) stat.fit.chi2;src.redshift.phot double nullable sfr_50k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_50K (SFR_50K_LOW) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable fir_lum_30k_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on LFIR_30K (LFIR_30K_LOW) Solar_Luminosity stat.error;phys.luminosity double nullable flux_217_ghz_fit_err RMS Uncertainty at 217 GHz Due to Elliptical Gaussian Fit Accuracy mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable lii Galactic Longitude degree pos.galactic.lon double nullable flux_857_ghz Flux Density of the Source at 857 GHz (Flux_CLEAN_857) mJy phot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHz double nullable sfr_35k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_35K (SFR_35K_UP) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable flux_217_ghz_meas_err RMS Uncertainty at 217 GHz Due to Measurement Error (Flux_CLEAN_217_SIG_DATA) mJy stat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHz double nullable sfr_45k_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on SFR_45K (SFR_45K_UP) Solar_Mass/yr stat.error;phys.SFR double nullable phot_redshift_45_pos_err Upper Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_45K (ZPHOT_45K_UP) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable phot_redshift_30_chi2 Reduced Chi Squared on the Best fits on ZPHOT_30K (ZPHOT_30K_CHI2) stat.fit.chi2;src.redshift.phot double nullable fir_lum_35k FIR Luminosity Estimate with Txgal=35K (LFIR_35K) Solar_Luminosity phys.luminosity double nullable position_angle_error RMS Uncertainty of the Position Angle (GAU_POSITION_ANGLE_SIG) degree stat.error;pos.posAng double nullable phot_redshift_40_neg_err Lower Bound of the 68% Confidence Level on ZPHOT_40K (ZPHOT_40K_LOW) stat.error;src.redshift.phot double nullable e_bv_aperture Aperture Estimate of the Extinction E(B-V)xgal within the Source PSF (EBV_APER) mag phot.color.excess;em.opt.B;em.opt.V double nullable phot_redshift_45_chi2 Reduced Chi Squared on the Best fits on ZPHOT_45K (ZPHOT_45K_CHI2) stat.fit.chi2;src.redshift.phot double nullable