J/MNRAS/521/443ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/521/443CDSBenko J.M.Plachy E.Netzel H.Bodi A.Molnar L.Pal A.2026-06-20T14:48:47Z2026-06-12T13:55:32ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frvariable-starsasteroseismologyphotometryvisible-astronomyUsing two years of data from the TESS space telescope, we have investigated the time series of 633 overtone pulsating field RR Lyrae (RRc) stars. The majority of stars (82.8 per cent) contain additional frequencies beyond the main pulsation. In addition to the frequencies previously explained by the l = 8 and 9 non-radial modes, we have identified a group of stars where the additional frequencies may belong to the l = 10 non-radial modes. We found that stars with no additional frequencies are more common among stars with shorter periods, while stars with longer periods almost always show additional frequencies. The incidence rate and this period distribution both agree well with the predictions of recent theoretical models. The amplitude and phase of additional frequencies are varying in time. The frequencies of different non-radial modes appearing in a given star seem to vary on different time-scales. We have determined a 10.4 per cent incidence rate for the Blazhko effect. For several stars we have detected continuous annual-scale phase change without significant amplitude variation. This type of variation offers a plausible explanation for the 'phase jump' phenomenon reported in many RRc stars. The main pulsation frequency could show quasi-periodic phase and amplitude fluctuations. This fluctuation is clearly related to additional frequencies present in the star: stars with two non-radial modes show the strongest fluctuations, while stars with no such modes show no fluctuations at all. The summation of the phase fluctuation over time may explain the O-C variations that have long been known for many non-Blazhko RRc stars.2023MNRAS.521..443Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/521/443CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/491/4752 : Modelled parameters of Cepheid and RR LyraeJ/MNRAS/487/5584 : First-overtone RR Lyrae stars from OGLE (Netzel+, 2019)J/MNRAS/480/1229 : Blazhko effect in the first overtone RR Lyrae (Netzel+,2018)J/MNRAS/478/1425 : Single-mode OGLE Cepheids additional modes (Suveges+, 2018)J/MNRAS/453/2022 : Double-mode radial-non-radial RR Lyrae stars (Netzel+, 2015)J/MNRAS/452/4283 : 33 RR Lyrae observed in Pisces with K2-E2 (Molnar+, 2015)J/MNRAS/419/2173 : Long-term photometry of M3 RR Lyrae (Jursik+, 2012)J/A+A/622/A60 : Gaia DR2 misclassified RR Lyrae list (Clementini+, 2019)J/A+A/476/307 : Period variations in galactic RRab stars (Le Borgne+, 2007)J/ApJS/258/8 : LCs of RR Lyrae stars from TESS (Molnar+, 2022)J/ApJS/253/11 : TESS observations of Cepheid stars (Plachy+, 2021)J/ApJS/244/32 : Extended Aperture Photometry of K2 RR Lyrae starsJ/ApJS/213/31 : Blazhko effect from 4yr of Kepler data (Benko+, 2014)J/AcA/69/321 : OGLE RR Lyrae stars in Galactic bulge and diskJ/AcA/66/131 : VI light curves of SMC and LMC RR Lyrae (Soszynski+, 2016)J/AcA/64/177 : VI light curves of Galactic Bulge RR Lyrae (Soszynski+,2014)J/AcA/60/17 : VI light curves of SMC classical Cepheids (Soszynski+, 2010)J/AcA/58/163 : VI light curves of LMC classical Cepheids (Soszynski+, 2008)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/521/443https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/521/443http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/521/443https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/521/443https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/521/443http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/521/443GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/521/443/table1 (Basic parameters of the RRc stars used TESS selected sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/521/443/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/521/443/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/521/443/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.184708969437.84285644590.0055555555555555566/822 1549 1676 1690 1711 1931 2686 2779 2868 2932 3261 4108 4924 5077 5111 5418 5449 5599 5695 5725 5813 5860 5891 5947 5969 6115 6607 6910 7031 7162 7286 7297 7368 7435 7483 7580 7611 7722 7751 8009 8033 8064 8522-8524 8563 8684 8866 8875 8923 8937 8985 8993 9169 9219 9230 9237 9283 9346 9363 9377 9381 9396 9407 9414 9432 9462 9477 9537 9560 9596 9613 9661 9667 9679 9760 9777 9788 9799 9881 9919 9958 9969 10147 10150 10208 10230 10303 10328 10375 10444 10514 10556 10566 10602 10659 10825 10971 11123 11249 11261 11286 11339 11359 11363 11365 11474 11495 11538 11598 11622 11624 11724 11795 11835 11923 11952 11982 12127 12227 12910 12921 12926 13005-13006 13091 13104 13154 13186 13194 13200 13470 13509 13538 13652 13726 13763 13892 13901 14052 14064 14096 14104 14115 14131 14178 14248 14351 14385 14399 14464 14527 14531 14565 14581 14595 14738 14740 14777 14812 14827 14845 14849 14855 14870 14877 14881 14884 14902 14907 14925 14967 14980 14996-14997 15016 15029 15039 15075 15082 15122 15196 15199 15267 15296 15308 15325 15518 15714 15802 15996 15999 16020 16022 16029 16048 16084 16304 16361 16692 16700 16849 16879 17013 17422 17445 17451 17468 17478 17638 17964 19955 20467 20491 20762 20807 21015 21054 21096 21124 21187 21270 21280 21326 21700 21733 21961 22012 22272 22295 22356 22612 22631 22705 22962 22990 23078 23118 23337 23407 23415 23425 24405 24604 24615 24660 24694 24706 24966 25060 25064 25105 25120 25122 25154 25191 25199 25226 25253 25316 25482 25488 25534 25539 26233 26345 26363 26554 26704 27333 27987 28138-28139 28155 28177 28424 28490 31703 31736 31957 31961 31976 31995 32015 32058 32107 32134 32191-32193 32200 32207 32248 32269 32297 32354 32389 32394 32468 32505 32550 32583-32584 32603 32622 32633 32635 32646 32709 32727 32734 32764 32796 32868 32884 32921 32967 32985 32993 33017 33070 33077 33104 33227 33234 33248 33305 33321 33342 33386 33398 33423 33458 33461 33525 33600 33621 33649 33651 33661 33678 33686 33766 33808 33813 33905 34169 34210 34332 34474 34495 34565 34575 34613 34835 34867 34870 34931 34939 34944 34979 35151 35199 35230 35538 35615-35616 35671 35683 35805 35856 35869 35933 35942 35984 36043 36050 36065 36160 36271 36318 36379 36519 36586 36867 36885 36906 36966 36986 37064 37096 37148 37193 37216 37249 37295 37298 37300 37302 37304 37351 37403 37406 37492 37522-37523 37554-37555 37581 37599 37614 37659 37695 37701 37713 37771 37797 38075 38116 38314 38391 38467 38485 38583 38682 38705 38716 38742 38762 38874 38916 38955 38984 39048 39113 39465 39501 39547 39620 39631 39700 39704 39985 39987 40023 40036 40060 40161 40167 40191 40465 40475 40483 40560 40604 40683 40850 40860 40924 40952 41011 41016 41021 41024 41038 41045 41063 41067 41074 41118 41187 41201 41212 41216 41259 41266 41282-41284 41290 41296 41309 41316 41328 41330 41339 41365 41405 41424 41446 41492 41495 41547 41573 41584 41612 41615 41623 41722 41755 41994 41998 42001 42033 42042 42046 42060 42062 42112 42120 42138 42152 42182 42247 42251 42281 42540 42543 42574 42652 42740 42843 42864 42884 42887 43065 43109 43122 43166 43207 43251 43312 43520 43524 43592 43681 45078 45088 45099 45118 45140 45149 45172 45208 45214 45235 45243 45265 45277 45283 45329 45389 45454 45458 45460 45468 45500 45509 45537 45545 45613-45614 45616 45634 45662 45706 45713 45759 45774 45807 45811 45822 45844 45854 45857 45879 45928 45949-45950 45994 46032 46035 46090 46098 46115 46126 46151 46192 46266 46348 46351 46382 46424 46533 46535 46597 46648 46682 46701 46727 46732 46766 46897 46980 47104 47107 47115 47123 47128-47129 47152 47162 47181 47188 47225 47242 47244 47253-47254 47285 47311 47333 47338 47342 47365-47366 47394 47405 47452 47501 47527 47547 47650 47658 47686 47701 47773 47779 47781 47805 47924 48129 48160 48183 48186 48207 48213 48217 48230 48243 48270 48286 48309-48310 48320 48340 48398 48442 48459 48529https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/521/443?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/MNRAS/521/443/table1Basic parameters of the RRc stars used TESS selected samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarStar name identifier (Star)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryT6Indicates data in table6meta.ref.urlcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) (DEC)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRPmagIntegrated RP mean magnitude (Vega) from GaiaDR2 (Gaia Collaboration 2018A&A...616A...1G, Cat. II/345) (G_RP_)magphot.mag;em.opt.RdoubleTICTESS Input Catalog identifier from TESS of (Stassun et al. 2019AJ....158..138S, Cat. IV/38) (TIC_ID)meta.id.assocLCTESS light curves of the RRc starsmeta.ref.urlcharGaiaDR2Display the Gaia DR2 source and rrlyrae catalog data of Gaia Collaboration 2018A&A...616A...1G, Cat. I/345meta.ref.urlcharJ/MNRAS/521/443/table2*Fourier coefficients as results of the Fourier analysis of our studyrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarStar name identifier (Star)meta.id;meta.maincharSectorTESS sector (Sect.)meta.numberintf1The dominant pulsation frequency (f1)d**-1em.freq;src.vardoubleA1The first Fourier amplitude coefficient (A1)magsrc.var.amplitudefloatR21Fourier parameter as A2/A1phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatR31Fourier parameter as A3/A1phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatphi21Fourier phase parameter {phi}_21_ defined with {phi}_ij_ = j{phi}_i_ - i{phi}_j_ as phi21 = phi2-2phi1 ({phi}21)radstat.fit.paramfloatphi31? Fourier phase parameter {phi}_31_ defined with {phi}_ij_ = j{phi}_i_ - i{phi}_j_ as phi31 = phi3-3phi1 ({phi}31)radstat.fit.paramfloatnullableNoteNote for detection in multiple sectors (Remarks) (1)meta.notecharJ/MNRAS/521/443/table3*Additional frequencies in TESS RRc Fourier spectrarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarStar name identifier (Star)meta.id;meta.maincharSectorTESS sector (Sect.)meta.numberintf1? The dominant pulsation frequency (f1)d**-1em.freq;src.vardoublenullableA1? The first Fourier amplitude coefficient (A1)magsrc.var.amplitudefloatnullablefxThe associated frequency with the extra peaks detected in the pre-whitening steps, with decreasing amplitudes (f_x_)d**-1em.freq;src.vardoubleAxThe associated amplitude coefficient with the extra peaks detected in the pre-whitening steps, with decreasing amplitudes (A_x_)magsrc.var.amplitudefloatphixThe associated Fourier phase with the extra peaks detected in the pre-whitening steps, with decreasing amplitudes (phi_x_)radstat.fit.paramfloatf1/fxThe associated period ratio Fourier parameter (f_1_/f_x_)em.freq;src.varfloatRx1The associated amplitude ratio Fourier parameter as Ax/A1 (A_x_/A_1_)phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatNoteNotes on possible identifications of the frequency (Ident.)meta.notecharJ/MNRAS/521/443/table6Frequencies detected in the phase variation function spectra as results of the analysis in section 5.2.1IdentPossible identifications of frequencies where i when we considered the frequency to be instrumental and * when frequency is significant in spectrum of the amplitude change curve (Ident)meta.codecharpI? The probability 1-p that a given frequency is instrumental in origin with p as probability of this situation defined in eq. 2 of sect. 5.1.2 Frequencies in phase variation functions (pI)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarStar name identifier (Star)meta.id;meta.maincharFreqFrequencies detected in the phase variation function spectra (Freq)d**-1em.freq;src.vardoubleSfThe spectral significance defined in Reegen (2007A&A...467.1353R) (Sf)stat.fit.goodnessfloate_FreqError of the frequency (Err) (1)d**-1stat.errordouble