J/MNRAS/520/L85ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/520/L85CDSSaburova A.S.Chilingarian I.V.Kulier A.Galaz G.Grishin K.A.,Kasparova A.V.Toptun V.Katkov I.Y.2026-06-12T10:21:06Z2026-06-12T10:50:35ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesring-galaxiesredshiftedgalaxy-classification-systemsphotometryvisible-astronomyx-ray-sourcesactive-galactic-nucleigalaxy-radiiabsolute-magnitudeRare giant low surface brightness galaxies (gLSBGs) act as a stress test for the current galaxy formation paradigm. To answer the question 'How rare are they?', we estimate their volume density in the local Universe. A visual inspection of 120 deg^2^ covered by deep Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam data was performed independently by four team members. We detected 42 giant disky systems (30 of them isolated) at z <= 0.1 with either g-band 27.7 mag arcsec^-2^ isophotal radius or four disc scale lengths 4h => 50 kpc, 37 of which (including 25 isolated) had low central surface brightness ({mu}_0,g_ => 22.7 mag arcsec^-2^). This corresponds to volume densities of 4.70*10^-5^ Mpc^-3^ for all galaxies with giant extended discs and 4.04*10^-5^Mpc^-3^ for gLSBGs, which converts to ~12700 such galaxies in the entire sky out to z < 0.1. These estimates agree well with the result of the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. Giant disky galaxies represent the large-sized end of the volume density distribution of normal-sized spirals, suggesting the non-exceptional nature of giant discs. We observe a high active galactic nucleus fraction among the newly found gLSBGs.2023MNRAS.520L..85Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/520/L85CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/489/4669 : UGC 1378's giant low surface brightness discJ/MNRAS/410/166 : Morphological types from Galaxy Zoo 1 (Lintott+, 2011)J/A+A/651/L15 : Angular-momentum plane for disc galaxiesJ/A+A/631/A87 : Close pairs of galaxies in MUSE Deep Fields (Ventou+, 2019)J/A+A/618/A81 : Bayesian group finder applied to the 2MRS dataJ/A+A/596/A14 : Group catalogues of the local universe (Saulder+, 2016)J/A+A/593/A126 : Malin 1 images at 6 wavelengths (Boissier+, 2016)J/ApJ/861/49 : ALFALFA extragalactic HI source catalog (Haynes+, 2018)J/ApJS/228/14 : Short Title (Chilingarian+, 2017)J/ApJS/196/11 : Bulge+disk decompositions of SDSS galaxies (Simard+, 2011)J/AJ/149/171 : 2MASS galaxy group catalog (Tully, 2015)J/AJ/130/873 : Properties of BQS objects in the SDSS DR3 areaVIII/89 : Northern HI Parkes All Sky Survey Catalogue (HIPASS)II/357 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 1IX/63 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR10https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/520/L85https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/520/L85http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/520/L85https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/520/L85https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/520/L85http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/520/L85GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/520/L85/table1 (Astrometrics, redshifts, structural properties of the giant disc galaxies discovered in the HSC imaging data by visual inspection)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/520/L85/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/520/L85/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/520/L85/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true28.6709-0.1450.0055555555555555566/17678-17679 17682-17684 17686 17688-17690 17695-17696 17704 17706 17715 17717 17721 17738-17739 17742 17763 17767-17768 17778-17779 17796 17810 17814 17818 17820 17822-17823 17845 36796https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/520/L85?format=asciiX-rayOpticaldefaultJ/MNRAS/520/L85/table1Astrometrics, redshifts, structural properties of the giant disc galaxies discovered in the HSC imaging data by visual inspectionrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalaxyName of the galaxy (Galaxy)meta.id;meta.maincharAbbott18Display the DES dr1 of Abbott et al. 2018ApJS..239...18A, Cat. II/357meta.ref.urlintnullableNEDDisplay the NED database object's pagemeta.ref.urlcharRCSEDDisplay the Reference Catalog of galaxy spectral energy distributions database object's page from Chilingarian et al. 2017ApJS..228...14Cmeta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) (Dec)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzThe redshift (z)src.redshiftfloatTypeThe morphological type (Type)src.morph.typecharScaleThe scale (Scale)kpc/arcsecinstr.scalefloatRThe radius of 27.7 g-band isophote (R_g=27.7_)kpcphys.size.radiusintmuThe g-band central surface brightness of exponential disc (mu_0,g_)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sb;em.opt.Bfloat4HThe 4 exponental disc scale-lengths (4h)kpcphys.size.radiusintg-r? Total g-r colour index (g-r)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullablegMag? The g-band absolute magnitude (M_g_)magphys.magAbs;em.opt.BfloatnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableb/aThe ratio of semi-minor to semi-major axis for 25 g-band isophote (b/a)phys.angSize;arith.ratiofloatBPTNote on AGN and SF types (BPT)meta.notecharSpecNote on availability of spectral data (Spec)meta.notecharl_LXUpper limit flag on LXmeta.code.errorcharLXX-ray luminosity soft-medium from 0.2keV to 10 keV (L_X_)1e+33Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublee_LX? Uncertainty on LX (L_X_)1e+33Wstat.errorfloatnullabler_LXLiterature reference of LX (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharEnvNote on environment of the galaxy (Environment)meta.notechar