J/MNRAS/514/1071ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/514/1071CDSMoschella M.Slone O.Dror J.A.Cantiello M.Perets H.B.2025-06-06T10:03:30Z2025-06-05T15:13:23ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsgiant-starsradial-velocityvisible-astronomyphotometryastrometryproper-motionstrigonometric-parallaxeffective-temperaturemetallicitystellar-massesstellar-radiiThe gravitational redshift induced by stellar surface gravity is notoriously difficult to measure for non-degenerate stars, since its amplitude is small in comparison with the typical Doppler shift induced by stellar radial velocity. In this study, we make use of the large observational data set of the Gaia mission to achieve a significant reduction of noise caused by these random stellar motions. By measuring the differences in velocities between the components of the pairs of comoving stars and wide binaries, we are able to statistically measure the combined effects of gravitational redshift and convective blueshifting of spectral lines, and nullify the effect of the peculiar motions of the stars. For the subset of stars considered in this study, we find a positive correlation between the observed differences in Gaia radial velocities and the differences in surface gravity and convective blueshift inferred from effective temperature and luminosity measurements. The results rule out a null signal at the 5{sigma} level for our full data set. Additionally, we study the subdominant effects of binary motion, and possible systematic errors in radial velocity measurements within Gaia. Results from the technique presented in this study are expected to improve significantly with data from the next Gaia data release. Such improvements could be used to constrain the mass-luminosity relation and stellar models that predict the magnitude of convective blueshift.2022MNRAS.514.1071Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/514/1071CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/AJ/157/78 : Double & multiple star systems from GaiaDR2I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/A+A/643/A146 : The solar gravitational redshift (Gonzalez Hernandez+, 2020)J/A+A/550/A103 : Model 1D (LHD) and 3D (CO5BOLD) spectraJ/A+A/526/A127 : Velocities of M67 main-sequence and giant starsJ/ApJS/247/66 : SUPERWIDE: wide binaries in Gaia & SUPERBLINKJ/ApJS/236/42 : Asteroseismology of ~16000 Kepler red giants (Yu+, 2018)J/AJ/142/138 : All-sky catalog of bright M dwarfs (Lepine+, 2011)J/AJ/135/2177 : High proper motion stars in the DSS. IV. (Lepine, 2008)J/AJ/124/1190 : Northern high proper motion stars in DSS (Lepine+, 2002)J/AJ/130/1247 : High proper motion stars in the DSS. III (Lepine+, 2005)J/AJ/153/257 : Comoving stars in Gaia DR1 (Oh+, 2017)J/MNRAS/382/1073 : M/L relation of intermediate-mass stars (Malkov+, 2007)J/MNRAS/483/5026 : Radial velocities of Hyades stars (Leao+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/514/1071https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/514/1071http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/514/1071https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/514/1071https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/514/1071http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/514/1071GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/514/1071/primary (Primary comoving star pairs sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/514/1071/primary?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/514/1071/primary?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/514/1071/primary?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true212.890050328.03704220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/514/1071/second (Secondary comoving star pairs sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/514/1071/second?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/514/1071/second?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/514/1071/second?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true163.3160614-15.31966830.0055555555555555566/2 33 75 156 165 259 341 347 377 379 542 701 746 765 815 848 1012 1070 1156 1190 1218 1264 1288-1289 1362 1421 1519 1579 1605 1654 1673 1688 1694 1700 1706 1780 1791 1904 1953 1970 2028-2029 2178 2290 2320 2490 2640 2680 2712 2740 2797 2870 2877-2878 2970 2973 2976 3008 3053 3060 3129 3137 3176 3182 3189 3258 3272 3289 3370 3374 3398 3468 3481 3514 3537 3604 3644 3659 3664 3667 3689 3715 3767 3788 3801 3810 3832 3924 3980 3999-4000 4009 4070 4084 4103 4117 4122 4127 4144 4167 4225 4288 4460 4540 4550 4581 4611 4655 4676 4697 4753 4917 5009 5091 5172 5230 5257 5330 5344 5392 5447 5527 5578 5580 5621 5659 5667 5709 5719 5831 5836 5928 5986 5994 6002 6066 6099 6110 6179 6187 6326 6433 6480 6490 6522 6555 6566 6572 6628 6638 6648 6758 6773 6797 6825 6831 6935 6950 6955 6971 6976 7054 7086 7111 7128 7231 7240 7243 7275 7307 7353 7357 7391 7400 7416 7421 7569 7596 7684 7698 7731 7759 7833 7910 7983 7995 8008 8014 8022-8023 8041 8059 8098 8119 8164 8371 8375 8408 8491 8500 8502 8550 8655 8698 8767 8802 8815 8850 8904 8908 8941 8955 8983 9024 9031 9046 9056 9074 9114 9118 9163 9295 9330 9427 9430 9565 9580 9677 9722 9747 9803 9899 9921 10004 10010 10089 10140 10211 10231 10235 10249 10285 10345 10358 10405 10410 10417 10442 10480 10508 10516 10533 10610 10632 10644 10727 10736 10740 10814 10852 10854 10866 10881 10885 10950 10954 10985 11010 11056 11061 11075 11122 11131 11257 11267 11276 11435 11441 11490 11538 11557 11580 11638 11673 11677 11713 11716 11764 11784 11800 11917 11927 11969 11990 12007 12038 12074 12077 12162 12220 12228 12270 12273 12321 12338 12419 12471 12483 12508 12527 12537 12575 12612 12877 12897 12913 12921 12926 13066 13172 13279 13294 13326 13388 13470 13495 13530 13716 13726 13766 13772 13785 13867 13870 13892 13897 13914 13927 13952 13978 14080 14091 14158 14200 14259 14263 14265 14292 14336 14346 14441 14459 14475 14515 14579 14821-14822 14828 14835 14914 14922 14956 14969 15027 15069 15098 15122 15140 15174 15188 15211 15230 15266 15272 15304 15330 15527 15545 15575 15644 15662 15672 15714 15775 15901 15927 15993 16008 16254 16302 16314 16328 16355 16415 16455 16458 16465 16647 16743 16759 16807 16848 16930 16946 17111 17311 17409 17453 17455 17546 17588 17777 17812 17866 17880 17922-17923 17954 17964-17965 17974 17987 18003 18105 18111 18149 18284 18342 18379 18383 18456 18490 18511 18693 18723 18748 18778 18914 18921 19013 19100 19104 19149 19292 19356 19456 19460 19464 19500 19513 19536 19539 19554 19580 19585 19602 19608 19637 19644 19706 19757 19874 19889 20038 20040 20129 20136 20144 20153 20216 20261 20323 20361 20390 20428 20447 20457 20469 20473 20479 20552 20565 20669 20693 20708 20759 20761 20767 20770 20773 20777 20808 20835 20867 20931 20948 21028 21042 21057 21077 21102 21185 21202 21274 21334 21427 21481 21516 21531 21551 21553 21582 21644 21704 21818 21860 21911 21917 21926 22010 22043 22054 22103 22149 22341-22342 22520 22671 22691 22699 22762 22816 22913 22916 22942 23038 23147 23155 23238 23241 23342 23366 23411 23548 23738 23753 23762 23780 23804 23867 23872 23941 24090 24122 24160 24171 24241 24283 24298 24405 24499 24613 24633 24696 24739 24764 24778 24825 24854 24858 24971 24978 25010 25055 25081 25116 25126 25139 25188 25224 25252 25269 25272 25279 25281 25347 25356 25382 25397 25424 25436 25448 25466 25500-25501 25552 25557 25573 25581 25636 25660 25698 25708 25788 25795 25840 25860 25906 25941 26101 26148 26166 26168 26171 26180 26218 26252 26273 26302 26328 26342 26361 26379 26413 26464 26475 26507 26522 26564 26602 26643 26792 26823 26870 26902 26935 26951 27032 27052 27088 27130 27145 27212 27214 27255 27267 27344 27357 27423 27468 27481 27485 27511 27564 27678 27681 27694 27712 27765 27925 28003 28031 28055 28067 28073 28180 28201 28244 28259 28361 28419 28443 28467 28529 28598 28624 28841 29369 29517 29660 29755 29838 29974 30077 30131 30187 30543 30559 30595 30603 30746 30780 30803 30859 30891 31036 31187 31203 31226 31257 31287 31292 31314 31428 31497 31650 31699 31728 31821 31911 31977 32054 32105 32271 32297 32389 32493 32520 32523 32570 32633 32661 32677 32747 32881 32919 32960 32970 33029 33052 33118 33166 33173 33177 33185 33281 33288 33320 33322 33344 33365 33402 33406 33441 33450 33500 33509 33552 33622 33625 33635 33646 33662 33683 33845 33872 33912 33992 33997 34130 34196 34230 34233 34289 34322 34336 34374-34375 34390 34462 34496 34517 34570 34626 34649 34663 34668 34723 34765 34767 34780 34784 34813 34836 34843 34849 34880 34911 34936 34969 34977 34988 35030 35034 35047-35048 35051 35106 35122 35150 35213 35220 35241 35311 35350 35358 35362 35388 35414 35464 35500 35514 35547 35605 35732 35774 35782 35819 35827 35858 35868 35899 35933 35953-35954 36011 36024 36031 36120 36232 36252 36263 36309 36341 36490 36499 36532 36798 36868 36917 36924 36955 37102 37158 37186 37204 37242 37295 37341 37423 37444 37528 37553 37563 37595 37636 37641 37656 37701 37711 37780 37801 37848 37877 37940 37955 37962 37970 38006 38055 38090 38131 38167 38266 38286 38349 38376 38389 38414 38421 38433 38561 38572 38673 38681 38709 38715 38750 38762 38784 38799 38802 38881 38955 38974 39021 39031 39074 39086 39152 39173 39178 39201 39278 39413 39439 39500 39511 39574 39613 39615 39651 39699 39728 39730 39768 39845 39870 39976 39989 40012 40022 40024 40043 40058 40090 40141 40158 40186 40242 40277 40354 40361 40451 40475 40500 40556 40571 40652 40751 40787 40894 40936 40947 40956 41003 41053 41056 41083 41136 41164 41168 41186 41208 41256-41257 41271 41376 41389 41436 41580 41631 41664 41758 41781 41816 41916 42024 42050 42066 42072 42143 42330 42417 42535 42644 42646 42656 42662 42714 42728 42796 42934 42947 43076 43142 43178 43190 43321 43420 43459 43516 43518 43526 43596 43622 43678 43680 43683 43694 43701 43708 43714 43728 43796-43797 43800-43801 43840 43950 44005 44078 44096 44117 44228 44366 44382 44404 44571 44605 44633 44637 44645 44737 44763 44765 44792 44816 44837 44860 44920 44941 45029 45070 45099 45151 45267 45339 45376 45381-45382 45388 45391 45418 45462 45511 45554 45617 45627 45663 45665 45673 45687 45737 45788 45809 45813 45845 45893 45925 45946 45962 45976 45986 46038 46051 46108 46170 46173 46176 46184 46202-46203 46242 46259 46313 46375 46384 46407 46419 46634 46647 46688 46798 46856 46977 46981 46989 47013 47021 47039 47106 47123 47150 47189 47193 47210 47215 47218 47221 47269 47330 47357 47416 47439 47483 47571 47579 47621 47629 47779 47783 47895 47911 48015 48050 48095 48152 48168 48175 48202 48274 48366 48472 48535 48603 48653 48693 48713 48773 48803 48835 49000 49024 49044 49051 49076 49082 491281.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/514/1071?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/MNRAS/514/1071/primaryPrimary comoving star pairs samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaDR2-1Gaia DR2 unique source identifier of the first comoving star (gaia_source_id1)meta.id.part;meta.mainSUPERWIDE1Display the SUPERWIDE: wide binaries in Gaia & SUPERBLINK from Hartman et al. 2020ApJS..247...66H, Cat. J/ApJS/247/66meta.ref.urlcharGaiaDR2-2Gaia DR2 unique source identifier of the second comoving star (gaia_source_id2)meta.id.part;meta.mainSUPERWIDE2Display the SUPERWIDE: wide binaries in Gaia & SUPERBLINK from Hartman et al. 2020ApJS..247...66H, Cat. J/ApJS/247/66meta.ref.urlcharG1magG-band mean magnitude (Vega) of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (G_mag1)magphot.mag;em.optdoubleG2magG-band mean magnitude (Vega) of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (G_mag2)magphot.mag;em.optdoublePlx1Absolute stellar parallax of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (parallax1)maspos.parallax.trigdoublePlx2Absolute stellar parallax of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (parallax2)maspos.parallax.trigdoublepmRA1Proper motion in right ascension direction (pmRA*cosDE) of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (pmra1)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmRA2Proper motion in right ascension direction (pmRA*cosDE) of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (pmra2)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoubleL1Luminosity of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (L1)solLumphys.luminositydoubleL2Luminosity of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (L2)solLumphys.luminositydoubleT1Effective temperature of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (T1)Kphys.temperature.effectivedoubleT2Effective temperature of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (T2)Kphys.temperature.effectivedouble[Fe/H]1Iron to hydrogen abundance ratio of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 ([Fe/H]1)log(Sun)phys.abund.Fe;arith.ratiofloat[Fe/H]2Iron to hydrogen abundance ratio of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 ([Fe/H]2)log(Sun)phys.abund.Fe;arith.ratiofloatM1Estimated mass of the first comoving star (m1) (1)solMassphys.mass;meta.modelled;arithdoubleM2Estimated mass of the second comoving star (m2) (1)solMassphys.mass;meta.modelled;arithdoublevGR1Gravitational redshift velocity of the first comoving star defined as G*M1/R1 (gr1)km/ssrc.redshift;pos.heliocentric;arithdoublevGR2Gravitational redshift velocity of the second comoving star defined as G*M2/R2 (gr2)km/ssrc.redshift;pos.heliocentric;arithdoublevCB1Convective blueshift velocity of the first comoving star as defined in the section 4 (cb1)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;meta.modelledcharvCB2Convective blueshift velocity of the second comoving star as defined in the section 4 (cb2)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;meta.modelledcharRV1Radial velocity of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (rv1)km/sspect.dopplerVelocdoubleRV2Radial velocity of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (rv2)km/sspect.dopplerVelocdouble_RAPosition of the first star from I/345/gaia2 Gaia DR2 catalog (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition of the first star from I/345/gaia2 Gaia DR2 catalog (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/MNRAS/514/1071/secondSecondary comoving star pairs sampleSUPERWIDE1Display the SUPERWIDE: wide binaries in Gaia & SUPERBLINK from Hartman et al. 2020ApJS..247...66H, Cat. J/ApJS/247/66meta.ref.urlcharGaiaDR2-2Gaia DR2 unique source identifier of the second comoving star (gaia_source_id2)meta.id.part;meta.mainL1Luminosity of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (L1)solLumphys.luminositydoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaDR2-1Gaia DR2 unique source identifier of the first comoving star (gaia_source_id1)meta.id.part;meta.mainSUPERWIDE2Display the SUPERWIDE: wide binaries in Gaia & SUPERBLINK from Hartman et al. 2020ApJS..247...66H, Cat. J/ApJS/247/66meta.ref.urlcharG1magG-band mean magnitude (Vega) of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (G_mag1)magphot.mag;em.optdoubleG2magG-band mean magnitude (Vega) of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (G_mag2)magphot.mag;em.optdoublePlx1Absolute stellar parallax of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (parallax1)maspos.parallax.trigdoublePlx2Absolute stellar parallax of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (parallax2)maspos.parallax.trigdoublepmRA1Proper motion in right ascension direction (pmRA*cosDE) of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (pmra1)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmRA2Proper motion in right ascension direction (pmRA*cosDE) of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (pmra2)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoubleL2Luminosity of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (L2)solLumphys.luminositydoubleT1Effective temperature of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (T1)Kphys.temperature.effectivedoubleT2Effective temperature of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (T2)Kphys.temperature.effectivedouble[Fe/H]1Iron to hydrogen abundance ratio of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 ([Fe/H]1)log(Sun)phys.abund.Fe;arith.ratiofloat[Fe/H]2Iron to hydrogen abundance ratio of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 ([Fe/H]2)log(Sun)phys.abund.Fe;arith.ratiofloatM1Estimated mass of the first comoving star (m1) (1)solMassphys.mass;meta.modelled;arithdoubleM2Estimated mass of the second comoving star (m2) (1)solMassphys.mass;meta.modelled;arithdoublevGR1Gravitational redshift velocity of the first comoving star defined as G*M1/R1 (gr1)km/ssrc.redshift;pos.heliocentric;arithdoublevGR2Gravitational redshift velocity of the second comoving star defined as G*M2/R2 (gr2)km/ssrc.redshift;pos.heliocentric;arithdoublevCB1Convective blueshift velocity of the first comoving star as defined in the section 4 (cb1)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;meta.modelledcharvCB2Convective blueshift velocity of the second comoving star as defined in the section 4 (cb2)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;meta.modelledcharRV1Radial velocity of the first comoving star from Gaia DR2 (rv1)km/sspect.dopplerVelocdoubleRV2Radial velocity of the second comoving star from Gaia DR2 (rv2)km/sspect.dopplerVelocdouble_RAPosition of the first star from I/345/gaia2 Gaia DR2 catalog (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition of the first star from I/345/gaia2 Gaia DR2 catalog (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable