J/MNRAS/513/2615ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/513/2615doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.75132615CDSMurray C.A.Queloz D.Gillon M.Demory B.O.Triaud A.H.M.J.de Wit J.,Burdanov A.Chinchilla P.Delrez L.Dransfield G.Ducrot E.,Garcia L.J.Gomez Maqueo Chew Y.Gunther M.N.Jehin E.Mccormac J.,Niraula P.Pedersen P.P.Pozuelos F.J.Rackham B.V.Schanche N.,Sebastian D.Thompson S.J.Timmermans M.Wells R.2025-03-07T20:14:36Z2025-02-25T13:07:14ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxystellar-flaresdwarf-starsm-starsl-dwarfsphotometryvisible-astronomyinfrared-astronomystellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperaturestellar-radiistellar-massesWe present a study of photometric flares on 154 low-mass (<=0.2 M_{sun}_) objects observed by the SPECULOOS-South Observatory from 2018 June 1 to 2020 March 23. In this sample, we identify 85 flaring objects, ranging in spectral type from M4 to L0. We detect 234 flares in this sample, with energies between 1029.2 and 1032.7 erg, using both automated and manual methods. With this work, we present the largest photometric sample of flares on late-M and ultra-cool dwarfs to date. By extending previous M dwarf flare studies into the ultra-cool regime, we find M5-M7 stars are more likely to flare than both earlier, and later, M dwarfs. By performing artificial flare injection-recovery tests, we demonstrate that we can detect a significant proportion of flares down to an amplitude of 1 per cent, and we are most sensitive to flares on the coolest stars. Our results reveal an absence of high-energy flares on the reddest dwarfs. To probe the relations between rotation and activity for fully convective stars, we extract rotation periods for fast rotators and lower-bound period estimates of slow rotators. These rotation periods span from 2.2 h to 65 d, and we find that the proportion of flaring stars increases for the most fastest rotators. Finally, we discuss the impact of our flare sample on planets orbiting ultra-cool stars. As stars become cooler, they flare less frequently; therefore, it is unlikely that planets around the most reddest dwarfs would enter the 'abiogenesis' zone or drive visible-light photosynthesis through flares alone.2022MNRAS.513.2615Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/513/2615CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/MNRAS/497/3790 : TRAPPIST-South UCD Transit Survey (Lienhard+, 2020)J/A+A/645/A100 : SPECULOOS. Ultracool dwarf transit survey (Sebastian+, 2021)J/ApJ/812/3 : MEarth mid-to-late M dwarfs rotation & kinematicsJ/ApJ/858/55 : K2 ultracool dwarfs survey. III. M6-L0 flares (Paudel+,2018)J/AJ/159/60 : 8695 flares from 1228 stars in TESS sectors 1 & 2J/ApJ/905/107 : Spectroscopic activity indicators of TIC starsJ/A+A/650/A138 : TRAPPIST-1 analogue stars TESS light curves (Seli+, 2021)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJ/881/9 : EvryFlare. I. Cool stars's flares in southern skyJ/ApJ/895/140 : EvryFlare. II. Parameters of 122 cool flare starsJ/ApJ/902/115 : EvryFlare. III. Superflares from Evryscope & TESSJ/ApJ/876/115 : Optical follow-up of ASAS-SN M dwarf flares (Schmidt+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/513/2615https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/513/2615http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/513/2615https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/513/2615https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/513/2615http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/513/2615GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/513/2615/tablesso (*SPECULOOS-South data sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/513/2615/tablesso?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/513/2615/tablesso?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/513/2615/tablesso?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true217.01731513.93703580.0055555555555555566/399 4685 8723 16546 16568 16576 16631 16692 17007 17985 18586 18700 20511 20713 20928 21209 21354 21413 21427 22284 22563 22687 22739 23144 23310 24313 24590 24682 24691 24721 24774 24824 24897 25156 25170 27383 27704 28329 28802 28943 29325 30903 31009 31296 31300 31621 31898 32830 33071 33088 33260 33462 33877 33889 33924 34289 34346 34494 34535 34613 34981 35020 35022 35297 35327 35412 35864 35923 35968 35985 36039 36071 36357 36436 36640 37005 37198 37808 38145 38249 38314 38544 38601 38720 38865 39375 39542 39760 39807 39825 40054 40164 40200 40332 40373 40490 40531 40669 41675 41840 42050 42090 42422 42435 42536 42761 43036 43065 43113 43481 43536 43812-43813 44193 44232 44299 44518 45055 45147 45175 45253 45485 45513 45626 45775 45818 45994 46004 46054 46148 46203 46218 46225 46229 46243 46297 46702 46729 46856 47133 47140 47158 47846 48029 48081 48205 48304 48735 491281.5062136169708525e-19 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/513/2615?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/MNRAS/513/2615/tablesso*SPECULOOS-South data samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaDR2Unique source identifier from Gaia DR2 (TARGET)meta.id;meta.mainSPECULOOSLink to catalog SPECULOOS Ultracool dwarf transit survey (Sebastian et al. 2021A&A...645A.100S, Cat. J/A+A/645/A100)meta.ref.urlcharSpTypeSpectral type from SPECULOOS UCDs transit survey (SPT_CLASS) (1)src.spTypecharTeffStar's effective temperature from SPECULOOS UCDs transit survey (TEFF)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintR*Star's radius from SPECULOOS UCDs transit survey (RAD)solRadphys.size.radiusfloatM*Star's mass from SPECULOOS UCDs transit survey (MASS)solMassphys.massfloatJmag2MASS J magnitude (JMAG)magphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatPer? Rotation period (CHECKED_PERIOD)dtime.perioddoublenullableClassRotation classification (ROT_CLASS) (2)src.classcharFlaring[Y N] Flag indicates if flares is detected or not (FLARING) (3)meta.codecharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main