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<ri:Resource created="2021-01-13T07:13:10Z" status="active" updated="2025-05-19T09:50:00Z" version="1.2" xmlns:cs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0" xmlns:ri="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/RegistryInterface/v1.0" xmlns:vr="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0" xmlns:vs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/ConeSearch.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VOResource.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VODataService.xsd" xsi:type="vs:CatalogService"><title>GAIA pulsars and where to find them</title><shortName>J/MNRAS/501/1116</shortName><identifier>ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/501/1116</identifier><altIdentifier>doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.75011116</altIdentifier><curation><publisher ivo-id="ivo://CDS">CDS</publisher><creator><name>Antoniadis J.</name></creator><date role="Updated">2024-08-21T20:17:00Z</date><date role="Created">2021-01-13T07:13:10Z</date><contact><name>CDS support team</name><address>CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France</address><email>cds-question@unistra.fr</email></contact></curation><content><subject>surveys</subject><subject>pulsars</subject><description>While the majority of massive stars have a stellar companion, most pulsars appear to be isolated. Taken at face value, this suggests that most massive binaries break apart due to strong natal kicks received in supernova explosions. However, the observed binary fraction can still be subject to strong selection effects, as monitoring of newly discovered pulsars is rarely carried out for long enough to conclusively rule out multiplicity. Here, we use the second Gaia data release to search for companions to 1534 rotation-powered pulsars with positions known to better than 0.5arcsec. We find 22 matches to known pulsars, including 1 not reported elsewhere, and 8 new possible companions to young pulsars. We examine the photometric and kinematic properties of these systems and provide empirical relations for identifying Gaia sources with potential millisecond pulsar companions. Our results confirm that the observed multiplicity fraction is small. However, we show that the number of binaries below the sensitivity of Gaia and radio timing in our sample could still be significantly higher. We constrain the binary fraction of young pulsars to be f^true^_young_&lt;5.3(8.3) per cent under realistic (conservative) assumptions for the binary properties and current sensitivity thresholds. For massive stars (&gt;10M_{sun}_) in particular, we find f^true^_OB_&lt;3.7 per cent, which sets a firm independent upper limit on the Galactic neutron star merger rate, &lt;=7.2x10^-4^/yr. Ongoing and future projects, such as the CHIME/pulsar program, MeerTime, HIRAX, and ultimately the SKA, will significantly improve these constraints in the future.</description><source format="bibcode">2021MNRAS.501.1116A</source><referenceURL>https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/501/1116</referenceURL><type>Catalog</type><contentLevel>Research</contentLevel><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/TAP">TAP VizieR generic service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource>Conesearch service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>related-to</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/350">I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/B/psr">B/psr : ATNF Pulsar Catalogue (Manchester+, 2005)</relatedResource><relatedResource>http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/psrcat : PSRcat Home Page</relatedResource></relationship></content><rights>https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html</rights><capability><interface xsi:type="vr:WebBrowser"><accessURL use="full">https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/501/1116</accessURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at IUCAA: Pune, India">https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/501/1116</mirrorURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at SAAO: SAAO, South Africa">http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/501/1116</mirrorURL></interface></capability><capability><interface xsi:type="vs:ParamHTTP"><accessURL use="base">https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/501/1116</accessURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at IUCAA: Pune, India">https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/501/1116</mirrorURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at SAAO: SAAO, South 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48434 48702 48813 48882 48928 49053 49129</spatial><footprint ivo-id="ivo://ivoa.net/std/moc">https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/501/1116?format=ascii</footprint><waveband>Radio</waveband></coverage><tableset><schema><name>default</name><table><name>J/MNRAS/501/1116/catalog</name><description>Catalogue of sources within 20 arcsec of ATNF pulsars</description><column><name>ID</name><description>Dummy id of the nearest pulsar (id)</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>fAss</name><description>[True/False ] Associated? (Associated)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="5*">char</dataType></column><column><name>GaiaEDR3</name><description>Gaia source id (source_id)</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd></column><column><name>angDist</name><description>Uncorrected angular separation between the nearest pulsar and the source (angDist)</description><unit>arcsec</unit><ucd>pos.angDistance</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>AngDistT</name><description>Angular separation between the nearest pulsar and the source at epoch Epoch (TrueAngDist)</description><unit>arcsec</unit><ucd>pos.angDistance</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>Name</name><description>Name of the nearest pulsar (name)</description><ucd>meta.id.assoc</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="12*">char</dataType></column><column><name>RAEdeg</name><description>Right ascension of the nearest pulsar at epoch Epoch</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd></column><column><name>e_RAEdeg</name><description>1-sigma error in RAdeg (rajerr)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>DEEdeg</name><description>Declination of the nearest pulsar at epoch Epoch</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd></column><column><name>e_DEEdeg</name><description>1-sigma error in DEdeg (decjerr)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>pmRA</name><description>Proper motion of the nearest pulsar in right ascension, pmRA*cosDE (pmra_radio)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmRA</name><description>1-sigma error in pmRA (pmraerr)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>pmDE</name><description>Proper motion of the nearest pulsar in declination (pmdec_radio)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_pmDE</name><description>Error in pmDE (pmdecerr)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>plx</name><description>? 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First derivative of p0 (p1)</description><ucd>time.period</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>dm</name><description>? Dispersion measure of the nearest pulsar (dm)</description><unit>pc.cm**-3</unit><ucd>phys.dispMeasure;instr.dispersion</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>DistDM</name><description>? DM distance estimate of the nearest pulsar (dist)</description><unit>kpc</unit><ucd>pos.distance</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Porb</name><description>? Orbital period of the nearest pulsar (pb)</description><unit>d</unit><ucd>time.period</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>RAJ2000</name><description>J2000 right ascension of the nearest pulsar (raj_now)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>DEJ2000</name><description>J2000 declination of the nearest pulsar (decj_now)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>RA2deg</name><description>J2000 right ascension (ra_epoch2000)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd></column><column><name>DE2deg</name><description>J2000 declination (dec_epoch2000)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd></column><column><name>RAGdeg</name><description>J2016 right ascension (ra)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd></column><column><name>e_RAGdeg</name><description>1-sigma error in ra (ra_error)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>DEGdeg</name><description>J2016 declination (dec)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd></column><column><name>e_DEGdeg</name><description>1-sigma error in dec (dec_error)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>PlxG</name><description>? gaia parallax (parallax)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>pos.parallax.trig</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_PlxG</name><description>? 1-sigma error in parallax (parallax_error)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>pmRAG</name><description>? gaia proper motion in right ascension (pmra)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_pmRAG</name><description>? 1-sigma error in pmra (pmra_error)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.ra</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>pmDEG</name><description>? gaia proper motion in declination (pmdec)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_pmDEG</name><description>? 1-sigma error in declination (pmdec_error)</description><unit>mas/yr</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.dec</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Gmag</name><description>? Mean apparent G magnitude of the source (see gaia EDR3 documentation) (phot_g_mean_mag)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_Gmag</name><description>? 1-sigma error in Gmag (phot_g_mean_mag_error)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>bp-rp</name><description>? BP-RP color of the source (see gaia EDR3 documentation) (bp_rp)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.R</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>poserr</name><description>Formal uncertainty in the angular separation between the source and the nearest pulsar at epoch Epoch (poserror)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error;pos.angDistance</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>RAPdeg</name><description>Right ascension of the source at epoch Epoch (ra_gaia_psrep)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd></column><column><name>DEPdeg</name><description>Declination of the source at epoch Epoch (dec_gaia_psrep)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd></column><column><name>e_RAPdeg</name><description>1-sigma error in RAPdeg (sigma_ra_gaia)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>e_DEPdeg</name><description>1-sigma error in DEPdeg (sigma_dec_gaia)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>PAss</name><description>[0/1] Probability of true association (see paper) (Pass)</description><ucd>stat.fit.goodness</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Assoc</name><description>Names of other objects associated with the pulsar (see ATNF PSRCat documentation) (Assoc)</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="86*">char</dataType></column><column><name>GMAG</name><description>? Absolute G magnitude of the source (g_abs) (1)</description><ucd>phys.magAbs</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>b_GMAG</name><description>? 5% lower bound on the absolute magnitude of the source (g_abs_min) (1)</description><ucd>phys.magAbs;stat.min</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>B_GMAG</name><description>? 95% upper bound on the absolute magnitude of the source (g_abs_max) (1)</description><ucd>phys.magAbs;stat.max</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>BP-RP</name><description>? Absolute BP-RP color of the source (b_r_abs) (1)</description><ucd>phys.magAbs</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>b_BP-RP</name><description>? 5% lower bound on b-r (b_r_abs_min) (1)</description><ucd>phot.color;stat.min</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>B_BP-RP</name><description>? 95% upper bound on b-r (b_r_abs_max) (1)</description><ucd>phot.color;stat.max</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Dist</name><description>? Median distance to the source (distance) (1)</description><unit>kpc</unit><ucd>pos.distance</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>b_Dist</name><description>? 5% lower bound on the distance to the source (distance_min) (1)</description><unit>kpc</unit><ucd>pos.distance;stat.min</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>B_Dist</name><description>? 95% upper bound on the distance to the source (distance_max) (1)</description><unit>kpc</unit><ucd>pos.distance;stat.max</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Dust</name><description>? Median extinction in G band (dust)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phys.absorption</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>b_Dust</name><description>? 5% lower bound on extinction in G band (dust_min)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phys.absorption;stat.min</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>B_Dust</name><description>? 95% upper bound on extinction in G band (dust_max)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phys.absorption;stat.max</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>poserrsys</name><description>[0/179] Systematic error on position (see paper) (poserror_sys)</description><unit>mas</unit><ucd>stat.error.sys;pos</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column></table></schema></tableset></ri:Resource>