J/MNRAS/478/3138ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/478/3138doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74783138CDSDavies B.Crowther P.A.Beasor E.R.2024-08-18T20:19:50Z2018-07-02T08:10:50ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmagellanic-cloudssupergiant-starslate-type-starsinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryThe empirical upper luminosity boundary L_max_ of cool supergiants, often referred to as the Humphreys-Davidson limit, is thought to encode information on the general mass-loss behaviour of massive stars. Further, it delineates the boundary at which single stars will end their lives stripped of their hydrogen-rich envelope, which in turn is a key factor in the relative rates of Type-II to Type-Ibc supernovae from single star channels. In this paper we have revisited the issue of L_max_ by studying the luminosity distributions of cool supergiants (SGs) in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC/SMC). We assemble highly-complete samples of cool SGs in each galaxy, and determine their spectral energy distributions from the optical to the mid-infrared using modern multi-wavelength survey data. We show that in both cases L_max_ appears to be lower than previously quoted, and is in the region of logL/L_{sun}_=5.5. There is no evidence for L_max_ being higher in the SMC than in the LMC, as would be expected if metallicity-dependent winds were the dominant factor in the stripping of stellar envelopes. We also show that L_max_ aligns with the lowest luminosity of single nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet stars, indicating of a change in evolutionary sequence for stars above a critical mass. From population synthesis analysis we show that the Geneva evolutionary models greatly over-predict the numbers of cool SGs in the SMC. We also argue that the trend of earlier average spectral types of cool SGs in lower metallicity environments represents a genuine shift to hotter temperatures. Finally, we use our new bolometric luminosity measurements to provide updated bolometric corrections for cool supergiants.2018MNRAS.478.3138Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/478/3138CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/578/A3 : New survey of supergiants in the MCs (Gonzalez-Fernandez+, 2015)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/478/3138https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/478/3138http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/478/3138https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/478/3138https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/478/3138http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/478/3138GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/478/3138/lmc (Properties of LMC cool supergiants)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/478/3138/lmc?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/478/3138/lmc?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/478/3138/lmc?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true73.79367611-68.341613890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/478/3138/smc (Properties of SMC cool supergiants)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/478/3138/smc?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/478/3138/smc?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/478/3138/smc?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true12.76608-72.7215650.0055555555555555565/8269 8274 8329 6/33052 33054-33055 33072 33075 33081 33091 33094-33095 33100-33102 33104 33107 33112-33113 33115 33120 33122 33124 33128 33287 33293-33295 33298-33299 33304-33306 333288.157980699529898e-21 6.118840631666147e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/478/3138?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/MNRAS/478/3138/lmcProperties of LMC cool supergiantsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idchare_JmagUncertainty in J band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.JfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSIMBADSIMBAD designation, when the table was buildmeta.id;meta.maincharMasseyMassey (2002ApJS..141...81M) catalogue number, LMC NNNNNN or SMC NNNNNNmeta.idcharGFGonzalez-Fernandez (2015, Cat. J/A+A/578/A3) catalogue number, LMCNNN or SMCNNNmeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000.0)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTypeLiterature MK spectral typesrc.spTypecharlogLLuminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloate_logLUncertainty in logLsolLumstat.errorfloatAVVisual extinction AVmagphys.absorption;em.opt.Vfloate_AVUncertainty in visual extinction AVmagstat.errorfloatUmag? U band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ufloatnullablee_Umag? Uncertainty in U band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.UfloatnullableBmag? B band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_Bmag? Uncertainty in B band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableVmag? V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatnullablee_Vmag? Uncertainty in V band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableImag? I band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_Imag? Uncertainty in I band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableJmagJ band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatHmag? H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag? Uncertainty in H band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.HfloatnullableKmagK band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_KmagUncertainty in K band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatI1mag? Spitzer IRAC I1 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_I1mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I1 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableI2mag? Spitzer IRAC I2 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_I2mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I2 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableI3mag? Spitzer IRAC I3 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_I3mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I3 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableI4mag? Spitzer IRAC I4 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_I4mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I4 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableW1mag? WISE W1 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag? Uncertainty in WISE W1 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW2mag? WISE W2 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_W2mag? Uncertainty in WISE W2 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW3mag? WISE W3 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_W3mag? Uncertainty in WISE W3 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW4mag? WISE W4 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag? Uncertainty in WISE W4 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableM2mag? Spitzer MIPS M2 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_M2mag? Uncertainty in MIPS M2 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullableJ/MNRAS/478/3138/smcProperties of SMC cool supergiantsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSIMBADSIMBAD designation, when the table was buildmeta.id;meta.maincharMasseyMassey (2002ApJS..141...81M) catalogue number, LMC NNNNNN or SMC NNNNNNmeta.idcharGFGonzalez-Fernandez (2015, Cat. J/A+A/578/A3) catalogue number, LMCNNN or SMCNNNmeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000.0)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTypeLiterature MK spectral typesrc.spTypecharlogLLuminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloate_logLUncertainty in logLsolLumstat.errorfloatAVVisual extinction AVmagphys.absorption;em.opt.Vfloate_AVUncertainty in visual extinction AVmagstat.errorfloatUmag? U band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ufloatnullablee_Umag? Uncertainty in U band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.UfloatnullableBmag? B band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_Bmag? Uncertainty in B band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableVmag? V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatnullablee_Vmag? Uncertainty in V band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableImag? I band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_Imag? Uncertainty in I band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableJmagJ band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_JmagUncertainty in J band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.JfloatHmag? H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag? Uncertainty in H band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.HfloatnullableKmagK band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_KmagUncertainty in K band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatI1mag? Spitzer IRAC I1 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_I1mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I1 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableI2mag? Spitzer IRAC I2 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_I2mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I2 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableI3mag? Spitzer IRAC I3 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_I3mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I3 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableI4mag? Spitzer IRAC I4 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_I4mag? Uncertainty in IRAC I4 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableW1mag? WISE W1 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag? Uncertainty in WISE W1 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW2mag? WISE W2 band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_W2mag? Uncertainty in WISE W2 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW3mag? WISE W3 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_W3mag? Uncertainty in WISE W3 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW4mag? WISE W4 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag? Uncertainty in WISE W4 magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableM2mag? Spitzer MIPS M2 band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_M2mag? Uncertainty in MIPS M2 band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable