J/MNRAS/473/1059ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/473/1059doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74731059CDSUrquhart J.S.Koenig C.Giannetti A.Leurini S.Moore T.J.T.,Eden D.J.Pillai T.Thompson M.A.Braiding C.Burton M.G.Csengeri T.,Dempsey J.T.Figura C.Froebrich D.Menten K.M.Schuller F.,Smith M.D.Wyrowski F.2024-08-17T20:21:17Z2018-01-16T07:52:21ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxy-planesmilky-way-galaxystellar-associationsmolecular-cloudsThe APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) is an unbiased 870um submillimetre survey of the inner Galactic plane (|l|<60{deg} with |b|<1.5{deg}). It is the largest and most sensitive ground-based submillimetre wavelength Galactic survey to date and has provided a large and systematic inventory of all massive, dense clumps in the Galaxy (>=1000M_{sun}_ at a heliocentric distance of 20kpc) and includes representative samples of all of the earliest embedded stages of high-mass star formation. Here, we present the first detailed census of the properties (velocities, distances, luminosities and masses) and spatial distribution of a complete sample of ~8000 dense clumps located in the Galactic disc (5{deg}<|l|<60{deg}). We derive highly reliable velocities and distances to ~97 per cent of the sample and use mid- and far-infrared survey data to develop an evolutionary classification scheme that we apply to the whole sample. Comparing the evolutionary subsamples reveals trends for increasing dust temperatures, luminosities and linewidths as a function of evolution indicating that the feedback from the embedded protoclusters is having a significant impact on the structure and dynamics of their natal clumps. We find that the vast majority of the detected clumps are capable of forming a massive star and 88 per cent are already associated with star formation at some level. We find the clump mass to be independent of evolution suggesting that the clumps form with the majority of their mass in situ. We estimate the statistical lifetime of the quiescent stage to be ~5x10^4^yr for clump masses >1000M_{sun}_ decreasing to ~1x10^4^yr for clump masses >10000M_{sun}_. We find a strong correlation between the fraction of clumps associated with massive stars and peak column density. The fraction is initially small at low column densities, but reaching 100 per cent for column densities above 10^23^cm^x2^; there are no clumps with column densities above this value that are not already associated with massive star formation. All of the evidence is consistent with a dynamic view of star formation wherein the clumps form rapidly and are initially very unstable so that star formation quickly ensues.2018MNRAS.473.1059Uhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/473/1059CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/540/A113 : Starless clumps in ATLASGAL (Tackenberg+, 2012)J/A+A/544/A146 : ATLASGAL cold high-mass clumps with NH_3_ (Wienen+, 2012)J/A+A/549/A45 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 330<l<21 (Contreras+, 2013)J/MNRAS/431/1752 : ATLASGAL 6.7GHz methanol masers (Urquhart+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/400 : ATLASGAL Properties of compact HII regions (Urquhart+, 2013)J/A+A/565/A75 : ATLASGAL Dust condensations in Galactic planeJ/A+A/568/A41 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 280<l<60 (Urquhart+, 2014)J/A+A/570/A65 : ATLASGAL massive clumps CO depletion (Giannetti+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/1555 : ATLASGAL massive star forming clumps sample (Urquhart+ 2014)J/A+A/579/A91 : ATLASGAL inner Galaxy massive cold dust clumpsJ/A+A/581/A74 : Molecular clouds as viewed by ATLASGAL (Abreu-Vicente+ 2015)J/A+A/586/A149 : SiO in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Csengeri+, 2016)J/A+A/591/A5 : ATLASGAL dense filamentary structures (Li+, 2016)J/ApJ/824/29 : ATLASGAL clumps with IRAS flux & MALT90 dataJ/ApJS/231/11 : High-mass starless clump candidates from ATLASGALJ/A+A/599/A139 : ATLASGAL massive clumps dust characterization (Koenig+ 2017)J/A+A/600/L10 : Massive cluster progenitors from ATLASGAL (Csengeri+, 2017)J/A+A/601/A60 : ATLASGAL massive cluster progenitors sample (Csengeri+ 2017)J/A+A/602/A37 : ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps millimeter RRL (Kim+, 2017)J/A+A/603/A33 : Temperature evolution in massive clumps (Giannetti+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/473/1059https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/473/1059http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/473/1059https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/473/1059https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/473/1059http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/473/1059GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/473/1059/table2 (Derived distance measurements to all ATLASGAL clumps in the study)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/473/1059/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/473/1059/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/473/1059/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true269.1875-24.5950.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/MNRAS/473/1059/table8 (Derive positions and properties for all clump associations (clusters))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/473/1059/table8?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/473/1059/table8?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/473/1059/table8?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true281.83325-2.034940.0055555555555555565/3588 7228-7229 7275 7278 7365 7376-7377 7383 7564 7578-7579 7604-7605 7648 7651 7654 7673 7678-7679 10413-10415 10420 10444-10445 10451 10453 10542-10543 10553 10556 10594-10595 10597 10599 10609 10611-10612 10614-10615 10624 10756 6/12968 12970-12971 12974-12975 14336-14337 14341 28802-28803 28808 28810 28890-28891 28901 28921 29088 29090-29092 29094-29097 29099 29116 29118-29119 29160 29162 29456-29457 29517 29522-29523 29526 29528-29529 29531 30216 30218-30219 30222-30223 30240-30241 30243-30245 30247 30260 30262-30263 30268-30269 30271 30330 30400 30405 30425 30429 30600-30602 30622-30623 30640-30641 30644-30645 30688-30689 30691 30701 30706-30707 30710 32085 41595 41597-41599 41670-41671 41673 41675-41678 41684-41686 41688-41689 41696-41698 41757-41759 41762-41763 41765-41770 41772-41773 41775 41795 41798-41799 41801-41803 41809 41811 41816-41817 41820-41821 41824-41825 41856 42154-42155 42158-42159 42203 42206-42207 42209-42211 42216-42218 42220 42228-42230 42386-42387 42392-42393 42395 42400-42401 42433-42435 42440-42441 42454-42455 42500-42502 42512-42513 43013-43015 43020-43021 43032https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/473/1059?format=asciidefaultJ/MNRAS/473/1059/table2Derived distance measurements to all ATLASGAL clumps in the studyrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClumpATLASGAL catalogue name, AGALLLL.lll+BB.bbb (Clump_name)meta.id;meta.maincharVLSR? Radial Velocity (VLSR)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullabler_VLSR? Reference for the VLSR in refs.dat file (VLSR_ref)meta.ref;phys.veloc;pos.frameintnullableDistReid? Distance determined from the Reid et al. (2016ApJ...823...77R) Bayesian model (Reid_dist)kpcpos.distancefloatnullableDistNear? Near distance (Near_dist)kpcpos.distancefloatnullableDistFar? Far distance (Far_dist)kpcpos.distancefloatnullableDist? Adopted kinematic distance (Distance)kpcpos.distancefloatnullableSolFlagFlag indicating how the kinematic distance was assigned (Solution_flag) (1)meta.code.error;pos.distancecharr_Dist? Reference used to determine the kinematic distance in refs.dat file (Distance_ref)meta.ref;pos.framecharClusterName of cluster source is associated with GLLL.lll+BB.bbb or Bania Clump 1 (Cluster_name)meta.id.parentcharDistCl? Cluster distance this is used for the clump (Cluster_dist)kpcpos.distance;src.orbitalfloatnullableSEDName of the image with SED in subdirectory fig6meta.id;meta.filecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/MNRAS/473/1059/table5Derived physical properties for all ATLASGAL clumps in the study (updated)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClumpATLASGAL catalogue name (Clump_name)meta.id;meta.maincharEvolTypeStar formation evolutionary stage (Evolution_type)src.classcharFpeak870 micron peak flux density (Peak_flux)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatFint870 micron integrated flux density (Int_flux)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatVLSR? Radial Velocity (VLSR)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDist? Assigned distance (cluster distance is avaiable else adpoted kinematic distance) (Distance)kpcpos.distancefloatnullableRGC? Galactocentric distance (RGC)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatnullableRad? Clump effective radius (Radius)pcphys.size.radiusfloatnullableTdust? Dust temperature determined from SED fit (Dust_temp)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablelogLbol? Log of the bolomeric luminosity (Bol_lum)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogMclump? Log of the clump mass (Clump_mass)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelogNH2? Log of the H2 column density (Col_den)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensityfloatnullableNH3LW? Ammonia (1,1) deconvolved linewidth (NH3_linewidth)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableMvirial? Virial mass estimated from the NH_3_ linewidth (Virial_mass)solMassphys.massfloatnullablealpha? Virial parameter (alpha)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullableJ/MNRAS/473/1059/table8Derive positions and properties for all clump associations (clusters)FITSDownload FITS imagemeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster name, GLLL.lll+BB.bbb or Bania Clump 1 (Cluster_name)meta.id;meta.maincharONameLiterature name (Other_name)meta.idcharNclumpNumber of clumps associated with cluster (Number_clump)meta.numberintGLONLongitude of cluster (Gal_long)degpos.galactic.lone_GLONLongitude size of cluster (standard deviation) (Gal_long_size)degstat.errorfloatGLATLatitude of cluster (Gal_lat)degpos.galactic.late_GLATLatitude size of cluster (standard deviation) (Gal_lat_size)degstat.errorfloat<VLSR>Mean radial velocity of cluster (Mean_vlsr)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloats_<VLSR>Standard deviation of velocity components (Stdev_vlsr)km/sstat.stdev;phys.velocfloatDist? Cluster distance (Distance)kpcpos.distancefloatnullable<Temp>? Mean clump temperature (Mean_temp)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullables_<Temp>? Standard deviation of clump temperatures (Stdev_temp)Kstat.stdev;phys.temperaturefloatnullablelogLbol? Log of the total bolomeric luminosity of all associate clumps (cluster_lum)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogMclump? Log of the total clump mass (cluster_mass)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableL/M? Luminosity to mass ratio (L/M_ratio)Sunphys.luminosity;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullableFileNameName of the image in subdirectory fig8 (1)meta.id;obs.imagecharimgimagesmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/MNRAS/473/1059/tablea2Gaussian components for detected emission componentsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClumpATLASGAL catalogue name (Clump_name)meta.id;meta.maincharn_Clump[*] * indicates the velocity assigned to the sourcemeta.notecharrms? Spectral noise (rms)mKstat.snr;instr.det.noiseintnullableVLSR13CO? ^13^CO Component radial velocity (VLSR)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablePeak13CO? ^13^CO Peak emission (13CO(2-1)Peak)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullableW13CO? ^13^CO Line width (13CO(2-1)sigmaV)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableInt13CO? ^13^CO Integrated line intensity (13CO(2-1)Intensity)K.km/sphot.flux.density;em.line.COfloatnullableVLSRC18O? C^18O Component radial velocity (C18O(2-1)VLSRC)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablePeakC18O? C^18^O Peak emission (C18O(2-1)Peak)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullableWC18O? C^18^O Line width (C18O(2-1)sigmaV)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableIntC18O? C^18^O Integrated line intensity (C18O(2-1)Intensity)K.km/sphot.flux.density;em.radiofloatnullableDepth? Optical depth (Optical_depth)phys.absorption.opticalDepthfloatnullablespName of the file with ^13^CO spectrum image in subdirectory figa1meta.id;meta.filecharJ/MNRAS/473/1059/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference numbermeta.id;meta.mainintBibCodeBibcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's namemeta.bib.authorcharComCommentsmeta.notechar