J/MNRAS/457/2877ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/457/2877doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74572877CDSGaidos E.Mann A.W.Kraus A.L.Ireland M.2024-08-15T20:18:03Z2018-12-12T12:10:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsexoplanetseffective-temperaturestellar-massesstellar-radiistellar-distanceWe classified the reddest (r-J>2.2) stars observed by the NASA Kepler mission into main-sequence dwarf or evolved giant stars and determined the properties of 4216 M dwarfs based on a comparison of available photometry with that of nearby calibrator stars, as well as available proper motions and spectra. We revised the properties of candidate transiting planets using the stellar parameters, high-resolution imaging to identify companion stars, and, in the case of binaries, fitting light curves to identify the likely planet host. In 49 of 54 systems, we validated the primary as the host star. We inferred the intrinsic distribution of M dwarf planets using the method of iterative Monte Carlo simulation. We compared several models of planet orbital geometry and clustering and found that one where planets are exponentially distributed and almost precisely coplanar best describes the distribution of multiplanet systems. We determined that Kepler M dwarfs host an average of 2.2+/-0.3 planets with radii of 1-4R_{Earth}_ and orbital periods of 1.5-180d. The radius distribution peaks at ~1.2R_{Earth}_ and is essentially zero at 4R_{Earth}_, although we identify three giant planet candidates other than the previously confirmed Kepler-45b. There is suggestive but not significant evidence that the radius distribution varies with orbital period. The distribution with logarithmic orbital period is flat except for a decline for orbits less than a few days. 12 candidate planets, including two Jupiter-size objects, experience an irradiance below the threshold level for a runaway greenhouse on an Earth-like planet and are thus in a 'habitable zone'.2016MNRAS.457.2877Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/457/2877CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/457/2877https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/457/2877http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/457/2877https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/457/2877https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/457/2877http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/457/2877GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/457/2877/table1 (Kepler M dwarfs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/457/2877/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/457/2877/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/457/2877/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.0638736.63581110.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 944-946 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3788-3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14577-14579 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746-14747 14749-14751 14792 14794-14795 14822 14828 14830 14914-14915 15040-15041 15043-15045 15057 15059-15062 15160-15161 15172-15174 15176 15178 15200 15232-15233https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/457/2877?format=asciidefaultJ/MNRAS/457/2877/table1Kepler M dwarfsPdwarfProbability of dwarfstat.fit.goodnessfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainintprimarymoreindicates candidates stellar companions and/or light curve fit parametersmeta.ref.urlcharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teffrms uncertainty on TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintn_Teff[PHOT/SPEC] Origin of Teff (photometric or spectroscopic)meta.notechar[Fe/H]Metallicityphys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H]rms uncertainty on [Fe/H]stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatn_[Fe/H][PHOT/SPEC] Origin of [Fe/H] (photometric or spectroscopic)meta.notecharR*Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloate_R*rms uncertainty on R*solRadstat.errorfloatM*Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloate_M*rms uncertainty on M*solMassstat.errorfloatK'MAGAbsolute K' magnitudemagphot.magfloate_K'MAGrms uncertainty on K'MAGmagstat.errorfloatDistDistancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricintkicDisplay the Kepler Input Catalog (Cat. V/133) datameta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from Kepler Input Catalog (Cat. V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Kepler Input Catalog (Cat. V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/MNRAS/457/2877/table2Candidate stellar companions of KOIsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKIC numbermeta.id.parentintKOIKOI star numbermeta.id;meta.mainintDK'K'-band contrast ratiophot.mag;arith.difffloatthetaAngular separation between the primary and putative companionarcsecpos.angDistancefloatPAPosition angledegpos.posAngintTeff? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff? rms uncertainty on TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullablepBACKFalse-positive (FP) probability that if the planet candidate were around the fainter companion/background star it would be larger than Jupiter and thus probably not a planetstat.fit.goodnessfloatJ/MNRAS/457/2877/table3Light curve fit parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIKOI planet number (NNNN.NN)meta.id;meta.maincharKICKIC numbermeta.id.parentintm_KIC[ABC] Multiplicity index on KIC (1)meta.code.multipcharRp/R*Planet-to-star radius ratiophys.size.radius;arith.ratiofloatE_Rp/R*Error on Rp/R* (upper value)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_Rp/R*Error on Rp/R* (lower value)stat.errorfloatbImpact parametersrc.impactParamfloatE_bError on b (upper value)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_bError on b (lower value)stat.errorfloattauTransit durationdtime.durationfloatE_tauError on tau (upper value)dstat.error;stat.maxfloate_tauError on tau (lower value)dstat.errorfloatPerPerioddtime.perioddoubleProb? Probability (1)stat.probabilityfloatnullableJ/MNRAS/457/2877/table4Kepler M dwarf candidate planetsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIKOI planet number (NNN.NN)meta.id;meta.maincharKICKIC numbermeta.id.parentintPerPerioddtime.periodfloatRpPlanet radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radius;arith.ratiofloate_Rprms uncertainty on Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatSpPlanet irradianceEarthphot.fluxfloate_Sprms uncertainty on SpEarthstat.error;src.spTypefloat