J/MNRAS/449/2438ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/449/2438doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.74492438CDSLopez-Sepulcre A.Jaber A.A.Mendoza E.Lefloch B.Ceccarelli C.,Vastel C.Bachiller R.Cernicharo J.Codella C.Kahane C.Kama M.,Tafalla M.2024-08-14T20:21:01Z2017-12-18T09:37:43ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fratomic-physicsinterstellar-mediumyoung-stellar-objectsspectroscopyFormamide (NH_2_CHO) has been proposed as a pre-biotic precursor with a key role in the emergence of life on Earth. While this molecule has been observed in space, most of its detections correspond to high-mass star-forming regions. Motivated by this lack of investigation in the low-mass regime, we searched for formamide, as well as isocyanic acid (HNCO), in 10 low- and intermediate-mass pre-stellar and protostellar objects. The present work is part of the IRAM Large Programme ASAI (Astrochemical Surveys At IRAM), which makes use of unbiased broad-band spectral surveys at millimetre wavelengths. We detected HNCO in all the sources and NH_2_CHO in five of them. We derived their abundances and analysed them together with those reported in the literature for high-mass sources. For those sources with formamide detection, we found a tight and almost linear correlation between HNCO and NH_2_CHO abundances, with their ratio being roughly constant - between 3 and 10 - across 6 orders of magnitude in luminosity. This suggests the two species are chemically related. The sources without formamide detection, which are also the coldest and devoid of hot corinos, fall well off the correlation, displaying a much larger amount of HNCO relative to NH_2_CHO. Our results suggest that, while HNCO can be formed in the gas-phase during the cold stages of star formation, NH_2_CHO forms most efficiently on the mantles of dust grains at these temperatures, where it remains frozen until the temperature rises enough to sublimate the icy grain mantles. We propose hydrogenation of HNCO as a likely formation route leading to NH_2_CHO.2015MNRAS.449.2438Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/449/2438CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/473/177 : A search for pre-biotic molecules (Wirstrom+, 2007)J/A+A/548/A71 : Spectroscopy and ISM detection of formamide (Motiyenko+, 2012)J/A+A/556/A57 : Transitions in OMC-2 FIR 4 in the far-IR (Kama+, 2013)J/A+A/606/A82 : Observed chemical structure of L1544 (Spezzano+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/449/2438https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/449/2438http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/MNRAS/449/2438https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/449/2438https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/449/2438http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/MNRAS/449/2438GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/MNRAS/449/2438/table1 (Source and their properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/449/2438/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/449/2438/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/MNRAS/449/2438/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true76.071708325.17855560.0055555555555555566/860 862 1052 1054 14315 15965 22805 24300 42970https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/MNRAS/449/2438?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/MNRAS/449/2438/table1Source and their propertiesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSurveySurvey identification (ASAI or TIMASSS)meta.id;meta.maincharNameSource namemeta.idcharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatDistDistancepcpos.distanceintMassMasssolMassphys.massfloatLbol? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatnullableTypeSource type (1)src.classcharRefReference(s) (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharFileNameFile containing data for this sourcemeta.id;meta.filecharJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb1NH_2_CHO transitions searched for in this study and 3{sigma} detectionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoubleEuUpper level energyKphys.energy;phys.atmol.levelfloatAulTransition rate1e-05s**-1phys.atmol.transProbfloatthetab[9/30] Telescope beam size {theta}_b_arcsecinstr.tel;instr.beamintOMC-2[Y*NB- ] 3{sigma} detection for OMC-2 FIR 4 (1)meta.codecharCepE[Y*N- ] 3{sigma} detection for CepE (1)meta.codecharSVS13A[Y*NB- ] 3{sigma} detection for SVS13A (1)meta.codecharIRAS4A[Y*bNB ] 3{sigma} detection for IRAS4A (1)meta.codecharI16293[Y*bcNB ] 3{sigma} detection for I16293 (1)meta.codecharBlendBlended line identifier (2)meta.id;spect.lineJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb2HNCO transitions searched for in this study and 3{sigma} detectionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoubleEuUpper level energyKphys.energy;phys.atmol.levelfloatAulTransition rate1e-05s**-1phys.atmol.transProbfloatthetab[9/30] Telescope beam size {theta}_b_arcsecinstr.tel;instr.beamintOMC-2[Y*NB- ] 3{sigma} detection for OMC-2 FIR 4 (1)meta.codecharCepE[Y*N- ] 3{sigma} detection for CepE (1)meta.codecharSVS13A[Y*NB- ] 3{sigma} detection for SVS13A (1)meta.codecharIRAS4A[Y*bNB ] 3{sigma} detection for IRAS4A (1)meta.codecharI16293[Y*bcNB ] 3{sigma} detection for I16293 (1)meta.codecharL1157[YN] 3{sigma} detection for L1157 (1)meta.codecharL1527[YN] 3{sigma} detection for L1527 (1)meta.codecharB1[YN-] 3{sigma} detection for B1 (1)meta.codecharL1544[YN-] 3{sigma} detection for L1544 (1)meta.codecharTMC-1[YN-] 3{sigma} detection for TMC-1 (1)meta.codecharJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb3L1544: Gaussian fits to the detected HNCO linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb4TMC-1: Gaussian fits to the detected HNCO linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb5B1: Gaussian fits to the detected HNCO linesTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb6L1527: Gaussian fits to the detected HNCO linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb7L1157mm: Gaussian fits to the detected HNCO linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb8IRAS 4A: Gaussian fits to the detected NH_2_CHO and HNCO linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb9I16293: Gaussian fits to the detected NH_2_CHO and HNCO lines (intensity in T*_ant_ units)rmsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoubleTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb10SVS13A: Gaussian fits to the detected NH_2_CHO and HNCO linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb11Cep E: Gaussian fits to the detected NH_2_CHO and HNCO linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxinte_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintJ/MNRAS/449/2438/tableb12OMC-2 FIR 4: Gaussian fits to the detected NH_2_CHO and HNCO linese_TmbdVUncertainty in TmbdVmK.km/sstat.errorintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMol[NH] Molecule identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharTransTransitionmeta.id;phys.atmol.transitionn_Trans[w *] Note on Trans (2)meta.notecharnuFrequency of the transition {nu}MHzem.freq;phys.atmol.transitiondoublermsrms valuemKstat.stdevfloatTpeakPeak temperaturemKphys.temperaturefloate_TpeakUncertainty in TpeakmKstat.errorintVlsrLocal Standard of Rest velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_VlsrUncerainty in Vlsrkm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrintDeltaVVelocity differencekm/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_DeltaVUncertainty in DeltaVkm/sstat.errorintTmbdVLine flux for the sourcemK.km/sphot.fluxint