J/ApJS/271/57ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/271/57doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22710057CDSXing K.Zong W.Silvotti R.Fu J.-N.Charpinet S.Cang T.,Hermes J.J.Ma X.-Y.Wang H.Wang X.Wu T.Wang J.2024-11-06T20:31:22Z2024-08-01T09:15:29ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flareswhite-dwarf-starssubdwarf-starsphotometryvisible-astronomyStellar flares are critical phenomena on stellar surfaces, which are closely tied to stellar magnetism. While extensively studied in main-sequence (MS) stars, their occurrence in evolved compact stars, specifically hot subdwarfs and white dwarfs (WDs), remains scarcely explored. Based on Cycles 1-5 of TESS photometry, we conducted a pioneering survey of flare events in ~12000 compact stars, corresponding to ~38000 light curves with a 2 minute cadence. Through dedicated techniques for detrending light curves, identifying preliminary flare candidates, and validating them via machine learning, we established a catalog of 1016 flares from 193 compact stars, including 182 from 58 sdB/sdO stars and 834 from 135 WDs, respectively. However, all flaring compact stars showed signs of contamination from nearby objects or companion stars, preventing sole attribution of the detected flares. For WDs, it is highly probable that the flares originated from their cool MS companions. In contrast, the higher luminosities of sdB/sdO stars diminish companion contributions, suggesting that detected flares originated from sdB/sdO stars themselves or through close magnetic interactions with companions. Focusing on a refined sample of 23 flares from 13 sdB/sdO stars, we found their flare frequency distributions were slightly divergent from those of cool MS stars; instead, they resemble those of hot B/A-type MS stars having radiative envelopes. This similarity implies that the flares on sdB/sdO stars, if these flares did originate from them, may share underlying mechanisms with hot MS stars, which warrants further investigation.2024ApJS..271...57Xhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/271/57CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)IV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)J/A+A/492/277 : Analysis of Collinder 69 stars with VOSA (Bayo+, 2008)J/AJ/141/50 : White-light flares on cool stars from Kepler (Walkowicz+, 2011)J/ApJS/207/15 : M dwarf flare spectra (Kowalski+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/ApJ/809/77 : Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) (Sullivan+, 2015)J/ApJS/216/12 : OGLE-III Gal. bulge microlensing events (Wyrzykowski+, 2015)J/ApJ/829/23 : Stellar flares from Q0-Q17 Kepler LCs (Davenport, 2016)J/MNRAS/458/3012 : OGLE-III Parallax microlensing events (Wyrzykowski+, 2016)J/ApJS/232/26 : Catalog of Kepler flare stars (Van Doorsselaere+, 2017)J/MNRAS/490/2112 : Rotational frequencies in A and B stars (Balona, 2019)J/ApJS/241/29 : Flare catalog through LC data of Kepler DR25 (Yang+, 2019)J/AJ/159/60 : Flares from 1228 stars in TESS sectors 1 & 2 (Gunther+, 2020)J/A+A/645/A42 : Flares in 5 open clusters (Ilin+, 2021)J/A+A/662/A40 : Hot subdwarf stars studied with Gaia (Culpan+, 2022)J/ApJ/926/204 : TESS monitoring of low-mass flare stars (Howard+, 2022)J/AJ/164/17 : GJ 1243 flares properties with Kepler and TESS (Mendoza+, 2022)J/A+A/669/A48 : Short-period pulsating hot-subdwarf stars (Baran+, 2023)J/A+A/669/A15 : TESS flare events and physical parameters (Yang+, 2023)http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/tess/ : TESS Science Support Center homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/271/57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/271/57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/271/57https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/271/57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/271/57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/271/57GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/271/57/table4 (Catalog of all 193 flaring compact stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/271/57/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/271/57/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/271/57/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true126.486701113.13150920.0055555555555555566/116 165 220 471 1746 3252 3690 3878 3897 3924 4090 4174 4232 4624 4832 4902 4945 5130 5550 5674 5717 5830 5902 6196 6260 6324 7349 7639 7962 8761 9173 9176 9483 10169 10179 10386 11259 11296 11400 11416 11429 11479 11504 11667 11704 11764 12086 12111 12164 12204 12867 13440 13995 14187 14201 14389 14499 14947 15064 15078 15117 15125 15172 15207 15231 15259 15408 15898 15971 15987 15999 16098 16145 16440 16785 17359 18194 21185 21629 21836 21943 22534 23549 23677 23845 23890 24184 24320 24433 24700 25028 25162 25250 25286 25642 26227 26299 26326 27072 27248 27339 27550 28293 28331 28716 30659 32074 32385 32400 32402 32655 32713 32880 32892 32900 32975 33044 33068 33209 33420 33427 33831 34026 34076 34187 34504 34540 34693 34821 34959 35409 35532 35957 35962 36298 37120 37149 37174 37490 37528 38381 38386 38832 39063 39847 40373 40902 41236 42115 43536 43686 43927 43999 44554 44566 45235 45270 45460 45491 45506 45744 45817 45911 45964 46149 46181 46598 46726 46749 46754-46755 46916 47013 47180 47219 48144 48156 48195 48252 48310 48458 49125https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/271/57?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJS/271/57/table4Catalog of all 193 flaring compact starsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTICIdentifier, TESS input catalogmeta.id;meta.mainprimarySpTSpectral type given by the TASC WG8 target list (1)src.spTypecharOTypeObject type queried from the SIMBAD databasesrc.classcharLTESS[6e+28/1.2e+34]? Luminosity in the TESS bandpass; erg/s1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.optdoublenullablee_LTESS[3.9e+26/2e+33]? Uncertainty in LTESS1e-07Wstat.errordoublenullableNfl[1/96] Number of flaresmeta.numberintFreq[0.03/17] Frequency of flares per TESS Sectormeta.numberfloatlogfLum[-7.4/-1.8] Log, fractional flare luminosity, in the TESS bandpassphys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatPL[0/2]? Pollution level (2)meta.codeintnullable_RAPositions from Original Catalogs coordinates in TIC v8.2 (IV/39) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Original Catalogs coordinates in TIC v8.2 (IV/39) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/271/57/table3Catalog of all 1016 flares observed across 38102 light curves of 11618 compact stars at 120 second cadence during TESS cycles 1-5TICIdentifier, TESS input catalogmeta.id;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintsector[1/69] TESS Sectorobs.fieldinttstart[1325.37/3205.44] Flare start time, TESS Barycentric Julian Datedtime.startdoubletpeak[1325.37/3205.44] Flare peak time, TESS Barycentric Julian Datedtime.epoch;stat.maxdoubletstop[1325.39/3205.45] Flare stop time, TESS Barycentric Julian Datedtime.enddoubleSNR[3/382] Photometric S/N of the peakstat.snrfloatAmp[0.002/43] Peak flare amplitude in fractional flux unitsmeta.unit;src.var.amplitude;stat.maxfloatED[0.8/33762] Equivalent durationstime.durationfloate_ED[0.1/308] Uncertainty in EDsstat.errorfloatETESS[1.8e+30/1.3e+36]? Flare energy, in the TESS bandpass1e-07Jphys.energydoublenullablee_ETESS[3.6e+29/5e+35]? Uncertainty in ETESS1e-07Jstat.errordoublenullable