J/ApJS/267/18ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/267/18CDSSandford N.R.Weisz D.R.Ting Y.-S.2023-11-02T14:30:15Z2023-11-02T15:11:54ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frchemical-abundancesgiant-starsspectroscopyvisible-astronomyglobular-star-clusterstwo-color-diagramsLarge-scale surveys will provide spectroscopy for ~50 million resolved stars in the Milky Way and Local Group. However, these data will have a high degree of heterogeneity and most will be low-resolution (R<10000), posing challenges to measuring consistent and reliable stellar labels. Here, we introduce a framework for identifying and remedying these issues. By simultaneously fitting the full spectrum and Gaia photometry with the Payne, we measure ~30 abundances for eight metal-poor red giants in M15. From degraded quality Keck/HIRES spectra, we evaluate trends with resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and find that (i) ~20 abundances are recovered consistently within <~0.1dex agreement and with <~0.05-0.15 dex systematic uncertainties from 10000<~R<~80000; (ii) for nine elements (C, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, and Nd), this systematic precision and accuracy extends down to R~2500; and (iii) while most elements do not exhibit strong S/N-dependent systematics, there are nonnegligible biases for four elements (C, Mg, Ca, and Dy) below S/N~10/pixel. We compare statistical uncertainties from Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling to the easier-to-compute Cramer-Rao bounds and find that they agree for ~85% of elements, indicating the latter to be a reliable and faster way to estimate uncertainties. Our analysis illustrates the great promise of low-resolution spectroscopy for stellar chemical abundance work in the low-metallicity regime, and ongoing improvements to stellar models (e.g., 3D-NLTE physics) will only further extend its viability to more stars, more elements, and higher precision and accuracy.2023ApJS..267...18Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/267/18CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)III/284 : APOGEE-2 data from DR16 (Johnsson+, 2020)J/AJ/119/2274 : JK Photometry of globular clusters M15 & M56 (Ivanov+, 2000)J/AJ/124/3255 : UBV photometry in M15 (van der Marel+, 2002)J/A+A/416/1117 : Abundances in the early Galaxy (Cayrel+, 2004)J/AJ/130/1177 : C and N abundances for M15 stars (Cohen+, 2005)J/AJ/131/2949 : Mn abundances in cluster and field stars (Sobeck+, 2006)J/AJ/135/1117 : Spectroscopic study of red giants in M15 (Meszaros+, 2008)J/A+A/505/117 : Abundances of red giants in 15 GCls (Carretta+, 2009)J/A+A/505/139 : Abundances of red giants in 17 GCls (Carretta+, 2009)J/ApJ/705/328 : Abundance measurements in Sculptor dSph (Kirby+, 2009)J/ApJS/191/352 : Abundances in stars of MW dwarf satellites (Kirby+, 2010)J/ApJ/732/39 : Rotational velocities of K giant stars (Carlberg+, 2011)J/AJ/141/175 : Abundances in M15 RGB/RHB stars (Sobeck+, 2011)J/ApJ/771/67 : Abundances for 97 metal-poor stars. II. (Ishigaki+, 2013)J/ApJ/795/23 : Line list for stellar chemical abundances (Bedell+, 2014)J/A+A/561/A93 : On the metallicity of open clusters. II. (Heiter+, 2014)J/AJ/149/153 : Abundances of red giants in 10 GCls (Meszaros+, 2015)J/A+A/616/A10 : 46 open clusters GaiaDR2 HR diag. (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJS/237/18 : Cr, Co & Ni abund. for metal-poor red giants (Kirby+, 2018)J/ApJ/857/2 : Abundances in 6 metal-poor stars (Roederer+, 2018)J/ApJ/858/L7 : Red clump stars selected from LAMOST & APOGEE (Ting+, 2018)J/ApJ/883/128 : Abundances in the giant stellar stream (Gilbert+, 2019)J/A+A/628/A54 : Fe, Mg, Ti in Galactic clusters (Kovalev+, 2019)J/A+A/622/A191 : 885 globular cluster giants abundances (Masseron+, 2019)J/ApJS/245/34 : Abundances for 6 million stars from LAMOSTDR5 (Xiang+, 2019)J/MNRAS/505/5978 : Gaia EDR3 view on Galactic GCls (Vasiliev+, 2021)J/A+A/660/A88 : Abundances of Local Group globular clusters (Larsen+, 2022)J/A+A/662/A66 : Hot stars from LAMOST DR6 (Xiang+, 2022)http://koa.ipac.caltech.edu/ : Keck Observatory Archive home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/267/18https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/267/18http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/267/18https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/267/18https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/267/18http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/267/18GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/267/18/rgb (M15 stars analyzed in this work (Table 1) and HIRES observations (Table 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/267/18/rgb?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/267/18/rgb?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/267/18/rgb?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true322.478857512.22291250.0055555555555555566/12405https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/267/18?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJS/267/18/rgbM15 stars analyzed in this work (Table 1) and HIRES observations (Table 2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id.crosscharONameOther name (s) (1)meta.idcharID[341/969] Kustner identifier (1921VeBon..15....1K ; <NGC 7078 NNNN> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.mainintprimarylam1[3650/3840] Lower range of wavelength in {AA}0.1nmem.wl;stat.minintlam2[5200/8370] Upper range of wavelength in {AA}0.1nmem.wl;stat.maxintRes[37500/86600] Resolution ({lambda}/{delta}{lambda})pos.angResolutionintDateDate of observation (UT)time.epochnullablePIDObservation program identifiermeta.id;obscharPIProgram PIobs.observercharExpExposure(s) timestime.duration;obs.exposurecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharGmag0[12.32/14.17] Gaia DR3 G-band magnitude; corrected for extinctionmagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableGbp-Grb0[1.26/1.62] Gaia DR3 BP-RP color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullableNabNumber of abundance measurements for this star (link to Table 9)meta.numberintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/267/18/table9Literature stellar parameters (Appendix C)e_Ce[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in Celog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Ce[TF] Lower limit flag in Cemeta.codecharul-Ce[TF] Upper limit flag in Cemeta.codecharPr[0.1/0.64]? log Pr/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Pr[0/0.12]? Uncertainty in Prlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Pr[TF] Lower limit flag in Prmeta.code.qualcharul-Pr[TF] Upper limit flag in Prmeta.code.qualcharNd[-0.06/0.6]? log Nd/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Nd[0/0.14]? Uncertainty in Ndlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Nd[TF] Lower limit flag in Ndmeta.codecharul-Nd[TF] Upper limit flag in Ndmeta.codecharSm[0.58/1]? log Sm/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Sm[0/0.1]? Uncertainty in Smlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Sm[TF] Lower limit flag in Smmeta.codecharul-Sm[TF] Upper limit flag in Smmeta.codecharEu[0.13/1.12]? log Eu/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Eu[0.02/0.3]? Uncertainty in Eulog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Eu[TF] Lower limit flag in Eumeta.codecharul-Eu[TF] Upper limit flag in Eumeta.codecharGd[0.24/0.76]? log Gd/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Gd[0.01/0.08]? Uncertainty in Gdlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Gd[TF] Lower limit flag in Gdmeta.codecharul-Gd[TF] Upper limit flag in Gdmeta.codecharDy[0.23/0.9]? log Dy/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Dy[0.01/0.15]? Uncertainty in Dylog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Dy[TF] Lower limit flag in Dymeta.codecharul-Dy[TF] Upper limit flag in Dymeta.codecharEr[-0.2/0.85]? log Er/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Er[0.01/0.15]? Uncertainty in Erlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Er[TF] Lower limit flag in Ermeta.codecharul-Er[TF] Upper limit flag in Ermeta.codecharTh[-0.24/1]? log Th/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Th[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in Thlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Th[TF] Lower limit flag in Thmeta.codecharul-Th[TF] Upper limit flag in Thmeta.codecharll-Teff[TF] Lower limit flag in Teffmeta.code;phys.temperature.effectivecharll-Cu[TF] Lower limit flag in Cumeta.codecharSc[-0.4/0.2]? log Sc/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Sc[0/0.12]? Uncertainty in Sclog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Sc[TF] Lower limit flag in Scmeta.codecharul-Sc[TF] Upper limit flag in Scmeta.codechare_Ti[0/0.15]? Uncertainty in Tilog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Ti[TF] Lower limit flag in Timeta.codecharul-Ti[TF] Upper limit flag in Timeta.codecharV[-0.1/0.91]? log V/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_V[0/0.21]? Uncertainty in Vlog(Sun)stat.error;pos.cartesian.yfloatnullablell-V[TF] Lower limit flag in Vmeta.code;pos.cartesian.ycharul-V[TF] Upper limit flag in Vmeta.code;pos.cartesian.ycharCr[-0.4/0.15]? log Cr/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Cr[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in Crlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Cr[TF] Lower limit flag in Crmeta.codecharul-Cr[TF] Upper limit flag in Crmeta.codecharMn[-0.63/0.7]? log Mn/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Mn[0.01/0.15]? Uncertainty in Mnlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Mn[TF] Lower limit flag in Mnmeta.codecharul-Mn[TF] Upper limit flag in Mnmeta.codechar[Fe/H][-2.7/-1.97]? log of [Fe/H] abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abund.Fe;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_[Fe/H][0/0.23]? Uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatnullablell-[Fe/H][TF] Lower limit flag in [Fe/H]meta.code;phys.abund.Fecharul-[Fe/H][TF] Upper limit flag in [Fe/H]meta.code;phys.abund.FecharCo[0.02/0.22]? log Co/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Co[0/0.21]? Uncertainty in Colog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Co[TF] Lower limit flag in Cometa.codecharul-Co[TF] Upper limit flag in Cometa.codecharNi[-0.22/0.6]? log Ni/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Ni[0/0.16]? Uncertainty in Nilog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Ni[TF] Lower limit flag in Nimeta.codecharul-Ni[TF] Upper limit flag in Nimeta.codecharCu[-0.5/0.44]? log Cu/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Cu[0.03/0.2]? Uncertainty in Culog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullableul-Cu[TF] Upper limit flag in Cumeta.codecharZn[-0.3/0.21]? log Zn/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Zn[0.02/0.07]? Uncertainty in Znlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Zn[TF] Lower limit flag in Znmeta.codecharul-Zn[TF] Upper limit flag in Znmeta.codecharSr[-0.32/0.4]? log Sr/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Sr[0.01/0.11]? Uncertainty in Srlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Sr[TF] Lower limit flag in Srmeta.codecharul-Sr[TF] Upper limit flag in Srmeta.codecharY[-0.5/-0.07]? log Y/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Y[0/0.04]? Uncertainty in Ylog(Sun)stat.error;pos.cartesian.yfloatnullablell-Y[TF] Lower limit flag in Ymeta.code;pos.cartesian.ycharul-Y[TF] Upper limit flag in Ymeta.code;pos.cartesian.ycharZr[-0.02/0.4]? log Zr/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Zr[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in Zrlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Zr[TF] Lower limit flag in Zrmeta.codecharul-Zr[TF] Upper limit flag in Zrmeta.codecharBa[-0.43/0.8]? log Ba/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Ba[0.01/0.1]? Uncertainty in Balog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Ba[TF] Lower limit flag in Bameta.codecharul-Ba[TF] Upper limit flag in Bameta.codecharCe[-0.2/2]? log Ce/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[341/969] Kustner identifier (1921VeBon..15....1K ; <NGC 7078 NNNN> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.mainintTi[-0.1/0.67]? log Ti/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullableLa[-0.2/0.68]? log La/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_La[0/0.1]? Uncertainty in Lalog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-La[TF] Lower limit flag in Lameta.codecharul-La[TF] Upper limit flag in Lameta.codecharRefReference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharTeff[4200/5154]? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablee_Teff[0.01/139]? Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullableul-Teff[TF] Upper limit flag in Teffmeta.code;phys.temperature.effectivecharlogg[0.15/2.2]? log surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullablee_logg[0/0.11]? Uncertainty in logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullablell-logg[TF] Lower limit flag in loggmeta.codecharul-logg[TF] Upper limit flag in loggmeta.codecharC[-0.71/1.4]? log C/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_C[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in Clog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-C[TF] Lower limit flag in Cmeta.codecharul-C[TF] Upper limit flag in Cmeta.codecharN[-0.06/1]? log N/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_N[0/0.12]? Uncertainty in Nlog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-N[TF] Lower limit flag in Nmeta.codecharul-N[TF] Upper limit flag in Nmeta.codecharO[0.24/1.8]? log O/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_O[0/0.8]? Uncertainty in Olog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-O[TF] Lower limit flag in Ometa.codecharul-O[TF] Upper limit flag in Ometa.codecharNa[-0.5/0.7]? log Na/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Na[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in Nalog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Na[TF] Lower limit flag in Nameta.code.multipcharul-Na[TF] Upper limit flag in Nameta.code.multipchar[Mg/Fe][-0.21/0.7]? log of [Mg/Fe] abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_[Mg/Fe][0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in [Mg/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullablell-[Mg/Fe][TF] Lower limit flag in Mgmeta.codecharul-[Mg/Fe][TF] Upper limit flag in Mgmeta.codecharAl[-0.3/1.13]? log Al/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Al[0.01/0.9]? Uncertainty in Allog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Al[TF] Lower limit flag in Almeta.codecharul-Al[TF] Upper limit flag in Almeta.codecharSi[-0.09/0.9]? log Si/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_Si[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in Silog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-Si[TF] Lower limit flag in Simeta.codecharul-Si[TF] Upper limit flag in Simeta.codecharK[-0.22/1.6]? log K/Fe number abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abundfloatnullablee_K[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in Klog(Sun)stat.errorfloatnullablell-K[TF] Lower limit flag in Kmeta.codecharul-K[TF] Upper limit flag in Kmeta.codechar[Ca/Fe][-0.01/0.7]? log of [Ca/Fe] abundance ratiolog(Sun)phys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_[Ca/Fe][0/0.23]? Uncertainty in [Ca/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullablell-[Ca/Fe][TF] Lower limit flag in [Ca/Fe]meta.code;phys.abundcharul-[Ca/Fe][TF] Upper limit flag in [Ca/Fe]meta.code;phys.abundchar