J/ApJS/265/50ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/265/50doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22650050CDSCanas C.I.Bender C.F.Mahadevan S.Bizyaev D.De Lee N.,Fleming S.W.Hearty F.Majewski S.R.Nitschelm C.Schneider D.P.,Serna J.Stassun K.G.Stefansson G.Stringfellow G.S.Wilson J.C.2025-06-23T20:13:07Z2023-06-27T12:22:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinfrared-astronomyspectroscopyphotometryvisible-astronomyradial-velocitymultiple-starsexoplanetsmetallicitystellar-massesstellar-agesstellar-radiiextinctionWe report the characterization of 28 low-mass (0.02M_{sun}_<=M_2_<=0.25M_{sun}_) companions to Kepler objects of interest (KOIs), eight of which were previously designated confirmed planets. These objects were detected as transiting companions to Sunlike stars (G and F dwarfs) by the Kepler mission and are confirmed as single-lined spectroscopic binaries in the current work using the northern multiplexed Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment near-infrared spectrograph (APOGEE-N) as part of the third and fourth Sloan Digital Sky Surveys. We have observed hundreds of KOIs using APOGEE-N and collected a total of 43175 spectra with a median of 19 visits and a median baseline of ~1.9yr per target. We jointly model the Kepler photometry and APOGEE-N radial velocities to derive fundamental parameters for this subset of 28 transiting companions. The radii for most of these low-mass companions are overinflated (by ~10%) when compared to theoretical models. Tidally locked M dwarfs on short-period orbits show the largest amount of inflation, but inflation is also evident for companions that are well separated from the host star. We demonstrate that APOGEE-N data provide reliable radial velocities when compared to precise high-resolution spectrographs that enable detailed characterization of individual systems and the inference of orbital elements for faint (H>12) KOIs. The data from the entire APOGEE-KOI program are public and present an opportunity to characterize an extensive subset of the binary population observed by Kepler.2023ApJS..265...50Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/265/50CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)III/284 : APOGEE-2 data from DR16 (Johnsson+, 2020)I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/337/403 : Low-mass stars evolutionary models (Baraffe+ 1998)J/A+A/398/239 : RI differential photometry of CU Cnc (Ribas, 2003)J/ApJ/640/1051 : 25pc sample of Sun-like stars (Grether+, 2006)J/A+A/478/507 : Distances & atmospheric param. of MSU stars (Morales+, 2008)J/A+A/505/853 : HD16760 radial velocity curve (Bouchy+, 2009)J/ApJ/691/1400 : Absolute properties of CM Dra (Morales+, 2009)J/other/A+ARV/17.251 : Stars observed with Doppler imaging (Strassmeier, 2009)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/other/A+ARV/18.67 : Accurate masses & radii of normal stars (Torres+, 2010)J/ApJ/742/123 : Photometry and Velocity of LSPM J1112+7626 (Irwin+, 2011)J/ApJ/728/48 : Multicolor eclipse data for 6 new binaries (Kraus+, 2011)J/MNRAS/414/1278 : Eccentricities of transiting planets (Pont+, 2011)J/A+A/525/A95 : Search for brown-dwarf companions of stars (Sahlmann+, 2011)J/MNRAS/426/1507 : Detached M dwarf eclipsing binaries in WTS (Birkby+, 2012)J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)J/AJ/144/93 : Close white dwarf + M dwarf binaries (WD+dM) (Morgan+, 2012)J/A+A/557/L10 : Rotation periods of 12000 Kepler stars (Nielsen+, 2013)J/ApJ/788/L9 : Stellar parameters of KIC planet-host stars (Bastien+, 2014)J/ApJ/791/35 : Detection of 715 Kepler planet cand. host stars (Law+, 2014)J/ApJ/791/55 : HD 189733b in transit light curve (McCullough+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/A+A/580/A21 : BEER analysis of CoRoT light curves (Tal-Or+, 2015)J/ApJ/812/3 : MEarth mid-to-late M dwarfs rot. & kinematics (West+, 2015)J/AJ/152/18 : Robo-AO Kepler planetary cand. survey. II. (Baranec+, 2016)J/ApJ/818/43 : Stellar surface gravities of KIC stars (Bastien+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/12 : Kepler planetary candidates. VII. 48-month (Coughlin+, 2016)J/AJ/151/144 : ASPCAP weights for APOGEE chemical elements (Garcia+, 2016)J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive prob. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/A+A/587/A64 : Physical properties of giant exoplanets (Santerne+, 2016)J/AJ/151/85 : Companions to APOGEE stars. I. (Troup+, 2016)J/AJ/152/158 : Kepler transiting planet search (DR25) (Twicken+, 2016)J/ApJ/825/19 : Mass-radius relationship for pl. with Rp<4 (Wolfgang+, 2016)J/A+A/602/A107 : Transiting planets eccentricity and mass (Bonomo+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/17 : Mass & rad. of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+, 2017)J/ApJS/229/30 : Revised properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)J/AJ/154/216 : Radial velocities of 41 Kepler EBs (Matson+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/85 : H{alpha} emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. (Petigura+, 2017)J/AJ/153/66 : Robo-AO Kepler Planetary Cand. Survey. III. (Ziegler+, 2017)J/MNRAS/474/2094 : Inferring probabilistic stellar rot. periods (Angus+, 2018)J/AJ/156/27 : Mass & rad. of 4 VLM stars in EB systems (Chaturvedi+, 2018)J/AJ/155/38 : The rotation of M dwarfs observed by APOGEE (Gilhool+, 2018)J/AJ/155/225 : M dwarf stars rot. broadening measurements (Kesseli+, 2018)J/A+A/612/A49 : 324 CARMENES M dwarfs velocities (Reiners+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 (Thompson+, 2018)J/AJ/155/68 : Elemental abundances of KOIs in APOGEE. I. (Wilson+, 2018)J/AJ/155/161 : Stars nearby Robo-AO Kepler planetary cand. (Ziegler+, 2018)J/A+A/623/A72 : Binarity of HIP stars from Gaia pm anomaly (Kervella+, 2019)J/A+A/631/A125 : 54 massive companions detected with SOPHIE (Kiefer+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf. II. Nearby bin. (Mann+, 2019)J/A+A/630/A89 : WASP-12b and WASP-43b griz light curves (Parviainen+, 2019)J/A+A/630/A135 : The exoplanet mass-radius relation (Ulmer-Moll+, 2019)J/AJ/160/108 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties cat. II. Pl. (Berger+, 2020)J/AJ/159/100 : Flux & RVs of G9-40 with K2 & HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)J/AJ/159/19 : SOAR TESS survey. I. (Ziegler+, 2020)J/AJ/161/36 : Exoplanets in habitable zone with Kepler (Bryson+, 2021)J/AJ/161/172 : The Solar Neighborhood. XLVII. M dwarfs (Dieterich+, 2021)J/A+A/652/A127 : 13-150M_Jup_ EBs transiting comp. (Grieves+, 2021)J/A+A/645/A7 : Masses of RV exoplanets with Gaia (Kiefer+, 2021)J/AJ/162/192 : SOAR TESS survey. II. Stellar companions (Ziegler+, 2021)J/A+A/657/A7 : Stellar & substellar comp. from Gaia EDR3 (Kervella+, 2022)J/AJ/163/128 : Abundances in 1018 KOIs and their planets (Wilson+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/265/50https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/265/50http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/265/50https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/265/50https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/265/50http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/265/50GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/265/50/table1 (Stars observed by the APOGEE-KOI program; from erratum published in Canas et al. 2023ApJS..268...70C)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/50/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/50/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/50/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true297.453708341.01097220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/265/50/kois (Kepler photometry used (Table 2), general information (Table 3) and stellar parameters (Table 7) for the 28 KOI host stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/50/kois?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/50/kois?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/50/kois?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true283.166291745.40304440.0055555555555555565/3644 3646 3683 3690 3729-3730 3741-3742 3779-3780 3784 3792-3793 6/14567 14573 14575 14580-14582 14588-14589 14591 14731 14738 14744 14746 14753 14756-14758 14766-14768 14777-14780 14782 14826-14827 14830-14831 14914-14915 14924-14926 14929 14932-14933 14935 14962-14963 14972-14974 15104-15106 15109 15111 15114-15115 15124-15125 15127 15130 15140-15142 15152 15176https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/265/50?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/265/50/table1Stars observed by the APOGEE-KOI program; from erratum published in Canas et al. 2023ApJS..268...70CModKepler CCD module identified in Figure 1meta.bib.figcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint_DEPositions from APOGEE names (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainAPOGEEAPOGEE identifier (2Mhhmmssss+ddmmsss)meta.id;meta.maincharKIC[1031322/12470844] KIC identifiermeta.idintKOI[12/8266]? Kepler Object of Interest identifiermeta.idintnullableKeplerKepler name from NASA Exoplanet Archivemeta.idcharTIC[26885796/399819857]? TESS Input Cat. identifiermeta.idlongnullableGaia? Gaia DR3 identifiermeta.idnullableNvis[4/50] Number of APOGEE visitsmeta.numberintBase[8/3315] Temporal baseline of APOGEE visitsdtime.intervalintS/N[1/586] Median Signal-to-Noise per pixel (1)em.wl.central;stat.medianintDispNASA Exoplanet Archive disposition (2)src.classcharDR25Display data from Thompson+ 2018, J/ApJS/235/38meta.ref.urlintnullableSetIncluded in the subset of 28 KOIs (link to KOI host star parameters)meta.ref.urlintnullable_RAPositions from APOGEE names (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainJ/ApJS/265/50/koisKepler photometry used (Table 2), general information (Table 3) and stellar parameters (Table 7) for the 28 KOI host starse_pmDE[0.01/0.4] pmDE uncertaintymas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatDist[474/2140] Geometric distance from Bailer-Jones+ 2021, I/352pcpos.distanceinte_Dist[3/500] Lower uncertainty on Distpcstat.errorintE_Dist[5/1000]? Upper uncertainty on Distpcstat.error;stat.maxintnullableRUWE[0.92/20.74] Gaia DR3 RUWEstat.errorfloatMaxAv[0.16/0.66] Maximum visual extinction determined from Green+ (2019ApJ...887...93G)phys.absorption;stat.maxfloatDetRobo-AO detection? (1)meta.codecharr_DetReference on Det (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharTe[5000/6300] TemperatureKphys.temperatureinte_Te[80/300] Te uncertaintyKstat.errorint[Fe/H][-1.5/0.29] Metallicitylog(Sun)phys.abund.ZfloatE_logg[0.02/0.2] Upper uncertainty on logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatMass[0.78/1.46] MasssolMassphys.massfloate_Mass[0.02/0.12] Lower uncertainty on MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatE_Mass[0.02/0.2] Upper uncertainty on MasssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatRad[0.85/2.3] Radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloate_Rad[0.02/0.3] Lower uncertainty on Radpcstat.errorfloatE_Rad[0.02/0.5] Upper uncertainty on Radpcstat.error;stat.maxfloatrho[0.11/2] Density, {rho}_*_g.cm**-3phys.densityfloate_rho[0.02/0.5] Lower uncertainty on rhog.cm**-3stat.errorfloatE_rho[0.02/0.7] Upper uncertainty on rhog.cm**-3stat.error;stat.maxfloatAge[2.2/12.4] AgeGyrtime.agefloate_Age[0.5/4] Lower uncertainty on AgeGyrstat.error;time.agefloatE_Age[0.7/4] Upper uncertainty on AgeGyrstat.error;stat.maxfloatAv[0.06/0.55] Dust extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloate_Av[0.03/0.1] Lower uncertainty on Avmagstat.errorfloatE_Av[0.02/0.1] Upper uncertainty on Avmagstat.error;stat.maxfloatNrvNumber of radial velocity measurements for this KOI system (link to Table 5)meta.numberintnullableVPVelocity Plotmeta.ref.urlcharAPOGEEAPOGEE identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharpmRA[-16.93/19.83] Proper motion in RAmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRA[0.01/0.3] pmRA uncertaintymas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-16.77/6.68] Proper motion in declinationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[3558981/11974540] KIC identifiermeta.idintKOI[23/6760] KOI identifiermeta.idintprimaryKeplerKepler designationmeta.idcharShortKepler short cadence?meta.codecharLongKepler long cadence?meta.codecharGaiaGaia DR3 identifiermeta.idRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.maine_[Fe/H][0.01/0.1] [Fe/H] uncertaintylog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatlogg[3.67/4.52] Log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_logg[0.02/0.2] Lower uncertainty on logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatJ/ApJS/265/50/table5RVs of the KOI systems listed in Table 2; from erratum published in Canas et al. 2023ApJS..268...70CKOI[23/6760] Kepler Object of Interest identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian Date; TDBdtime.epochdoubleRVel[-101721/27857] Radial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricinte_RVel[12/6463] Uncertainty in RVelm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocintS/N[1/111] Signal-to-Noisestat.snrintInstInstrument ("APOGEE-N", "SOPHIE" or "HPF")meta.id;instrchar