J/ApJS/265/16ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/265/16doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22650016CDSSong S.-M.Chen XiShen Z.-Q.Wang Y.-X.Yang K.Miao D.Wu J.-H.,Liu J.-T.Zhang Y.-K.2023-08-28T10:29:46Z2023-06-13T15:55:57ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frastrophysical-masersradio-astronomyinfrared-photometryyoung-stellar-objectsstellar-distanceWe present a statistical study of infrared variability using the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) database for a sample consisting of 1085 high-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) related to 6.7GHz methanol masers. A total of 383 maser sources were identified as NEOWISE variables and classified in two variability behavior classifications: 204 secular (linear, curved, and periodic) and 179 stochastic (burst, drop, and irregular) variables. Statistical analysis of the properties of these variables (e.g., the dust temperature, bolometric luminosity, hydrogen column density, W4 luminosity, and W1-W2 color) has revealed a potential evolutionary sequence among different light-curve types of variables. There is a possible general evolutionary (from less to more evolved) trend between the three variable types from secular to stochastic to nonvariable. For the specific classifications, the evolutionary trend for secular variables is linear to sin to sin+linear, and for stochastic variables it is burst to irregular to drop. These sequences may reflect the evolution of the envelope or accretion disk of high-mass YSOs, from large to small radii due to gravitational collapse. Although no significant variability correlation was established between the 6.7GHz methanol maser and the W2-band emission based on the data collected so far, a number of candidates were found for further investigating the accretion burst events via future variability monitoring programs of both mid-infrared emission and masers.2023ApJS..265...16Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/265/16CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVIII/96 : 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue (Caswell+, 2010-12)J/A+AS/110/81 : Methanol masers towards IRAS sources (van der Walt+ 1995)J/MNRAS/291/261 : Methanol maser of IRAS-selected sources (Walsh+ 1997)J/A+AS/134/115 : Medicina 6.7GHz methanol masers survey (Slysh+ 1999)J/A+AS/143/269 : 6.7GHz methanol maser emission survey (Szymczak+, 2000)J/AJ/121/3160 : JHK phot. near the Trapezium region (Carpenter+, 2001)J/A+A/432/737 : 6.7GHz Methanol Masers (Pestalozzi+, 2005)J/MNRAS/377/571 : GLIMPSE methanol masers non-detections (Ellingsen+, 2007)J/ApJ/656/255 : Arecibo methanol maser Gal. plane survey (Pandian+, 2007)J/other/PASA/26.454 : Precise positions of methanol masers (Caswell, 2009)J/ApJ/733/50 : MIR phot. monitoring of the ONC (Morales-Calderon+, 2011)J/MNRAS/424/1925 : Spectrocopic Binarity of O & B type stars (Chini+, 2012)J/AN/333/634 : Torun methanol source catalogue (Szymczak+, 2012)J/A+A/557/A77 : VR light curves of AA Tau in 2007-2013 (Bouvier+, 2013)J/AJ/147/82 : Disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 (Cody+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE mag. for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/A+A/563/A130 : GLIMPSE/BGPS 6.7GHz methanol maser survey (Sun+, 2014)J/ApJ/846/160 : 6.7GHz Class II methanol maser survey (Yang+, 2017)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Galactic clumps (Urquhart+, 2018)J/AJ/155/99 : IR var. among YSOs in Serpens South cluster (Wolk+, 2018)J/ApJS/241/18 : Methanol maser survey. II. |b|<2{deg} (Yang+, 2019)J/A+A/634/A41 : G107.298+5.639 multi-frequency maser LCs (Olech+, 2020)J/ApJ/920/132 : NEOWISE 6.5yr variability in YSOs (Park+, 2021)J/A+A/667/A44 : LAMOST DR8 early-type stars statistics (Guo+, 2022)J/A+A/661/A114 : Periodic flares in two methanol masers (Olech+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/265/16https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/265/16http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/265/16https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/265/16https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/265/16http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/265/16GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/265/16/table4 (Parameters of secular light curve variables)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true267.20220833-28.019777780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/265/16/table5 (Parameters of stochastic light curve sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true266.93941667-29.024805560.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/265/16/table6 (Parameters of the no variability sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true267.55979167-28.908638890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/265/16/table3 (Multi-epoch NEOWISE photometry for the 6.7GHz methanol maser sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/265/16/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true266.93941667-29.024805560.0055555555555555565/7383 7564 7673 10453 10542 10556 10624 6/1789 3303 3649 3715 12968 12974 14304 14353-14356 14402 14604 14618-14619 14622 14630 14655 14671 14689 14692 14704-14705 14709 15368 15390 15409 15452-15453 15671 21510 23764 23982 24320 24325 24365 24554 28808-28809 28811 28813 28817 28824-28825 28827-28829 28831 28874-28875 28896 28901 28912-28914 28918-28919 29091 29097 29100-29101 29114-29115 29118-29119 29160 29461 29505 29507-29508 29510-29511 29513 29522 29529 30218-30219 30222 30241 30243-30245 30262-30263 30268-30269 30312-30313 30315 30318-30319 30417 30419-30420 30422-30423 30594-30595 30600-30601 30604-30605 30618-30619 30622 30644-30645 30688 30701 30710 30712 30714-30716 30718-30719 37244 37334 37343 37848 37886 37893 37897 37899-37900 37903 37921 37924 37938 38020 39251 39282 39384 41597 41599 41653-41655 41657-41658 41660-41661 41671 41674 41676-41678 41681 41683-41686 41688 41696 41706 41758-41759 41765-41767 41769-41770 41772-41773 41777-41778 41780-41781 41798 41801 41804-41805 41809-41810 41816-41817 41820 42155 42159 42172-42173 42207 42210-42211 42213-42215 42228-42230 42378-42379 42381-42382 42390 42392-42393 42396-42397 42417 42436 42438 42440-42441 42444-42445 42450-42451 42454 42456-42457 42460-42462 42501-42502 42512 42515 43013 43015 43018-43019 43021 43024 43026 43040-430414.299665862083201e-20 5.912040689779823e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/265/16?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefaultJ/ApJS/265/16/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharAuthAuthor's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharCommCommentmeta.notecharJ/ApJS/265/16/table4Parameters of secular light curve variablesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[26/1083] Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6 sequence numbermeta.idintNameSource name (L.lll+B.bbb; Galactic) as in Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6meta.id;meta.maincharTypeVariable type (1)src.classcharPer[544/22036]? Fitted period (2)dtime.period;meta.modelledfloatnullablee_Per[4/272396]? Uncertainty in Perdstat.errordoublenullableAmp[-2/2]? Amplitude (2)magphot.magfloatnullablee_Amp[0.003/49]? Uncertainty in Ampmagstat.errorfloatnullableFrac[-0.85/5.31]? Fractional amplitude (2)phot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullableSlope[-0.001/0.0006]? Slope (2)stat.fit.paramdoublenullablee_Slope[2.4e-6/0.003]? Uncertainty in Slopestat.errordoublenullableR2[0.42/0.98] Goodness of fittingstat.fit.goodnessfloatW1mag[4.38/16] NEOWISE 3.36um band mean magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.03/0.9] Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW2mag[1.1/13.4] NEOWISE 4.62um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0.03/0.7] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatDelW2[0.06/1.92] Difference between W2 max and min magnitudes (G4)phot.mag;arith.diff;em.IR.4-8umfloatSD/sig[1/31.3] Standard deviation divided by mean uncertaintystat.stdevfloatW4mag[-3.6/5.3]? WISE 22.2 micron band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag[0.001/0.3]? Uncertainty in W4magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableDist[0.8/17.46] Kinematic distance (G1)kpcpos.distancefloate_Dist[0.03/7.4] Uncertainty in Distkpcstat.errorfloatRad[0/5.1]? Clump radius (G2)pcphys.size.radiusfloatnullableTdust[14/35]? Dust temperature (G2)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablelogLb[-0.3/5.8]? Log bolometric luminosity (G2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogMc[-1/4.25]? Log clump mass (G2)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelogNH2[21.9/23.4]? Log hydrogen column density (G2)log(cm**2)phys.columnDensityfloatnullableFMax[0/607] Maximum flux density (G3)Jyphot.flux.density;stat.maxfloatFMin[0/243] Minimum flux density (G3)Jyphot.flux.density;stat.minfloatVar[1/40.1] Maser variation indexsrc.var.indexfloatN[1/8] Number of previous 6.7GHz maser observationsmeta.numberintRefPrevious observation reference codes (see refs.dat file)pos.frame;obscharNepNumber of NEOWISE epochs for this source (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/265/16/table5Parameters of stochastic light curve sourcesW2mag[0.7/11.7] NEOWISE 4.62um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0.01/0.2] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatDelW2[0.06/3.9] Difference between W2 max and min magnitudes (G4)phot.mag;arith.diff;em.IR.4-8umfloatSD/sig[1/21] Standard deviation divided by mean uncertaintystat.stdevfloatW4mag[-6.5/6.1]? WISE 22.2 micron band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableRad[0.01/3.8]? Clump radius (G2)pcphys.size.radiusfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[2/1085] Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6 sequence numbermeta.idintNameSource name (L.lll+B.bbb; Galactic) as in Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6meta.id;meta.maincharW1mag[3.3/13.74] NEOWISE 3.36um band mean magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.015/0.4] Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloate_W4mag[0.001/0.3]? Uncertainty in W4magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableDist[0.9/17.1] Kinematic distance (G1)kpcpos.distancefloatTdust[15.4/46.4]? Dust temperature (G2)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablelogLb[0/5.93]? Log bolometric luminosity (G2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogMc[-0.7/4.4]? Log clump mass (G2)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelogNH2[21.69/24]? Log hydrogen column density (G2)log(cm**2)phys.columnDensityfloatnullableFMax[0.2/3880] Maximum flux density (G3)Jyphot.flux.density;stat.maxfloatFMin[0.2/3275] Minimum flux density (G3)Jyphot.flux.density;stat.minfloatVar[1/18.2] Maser variation indexsrc.var.indexfloatN[1/9] Number of previous 6.7GHz maser observationsmeta.numberintRefPrevious observation reference codes (see refs.dat file)pos.frame;obscharNepNumber of NEOWISE epochs for this source (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainTypeVariable type (1)src.classcharJ/ApJS/265/16/table6Parameters of the no variability sources_RAPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNameSource name (L.lll+B.bbb; Galactic) as in Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6meta.id;meta.maincharRefPrevious observation reference codes (see refs.dat file)pos.frame;obscharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[12/1076] Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6 sequence numbermeta.idintW1mag[3.9/13.92] NEOWISE 3.36um band mean magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.014/0.4] Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW2mag[1.12/12.04] NEOWISE 4.62um band mean magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0.009/0.11] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW4mag[-3.8/6.6]? WISE 22.2 micron band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag[0.001/0.3]? Uncertainty in W4magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableRad[0.04/3.2]? Clump radius (G2)pcphys.size.radiusfloatnullableTdust[16.3/35.4]? Dust temperature (G2)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablelogLb[1.76/5.72]? Log bolometric luminosity (G2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogMc[0.96/4.1]? Log clump mass (G2)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelogNH2[21.87/23.92]? Log hydrogen column density (G2)log(cm**2)phys.columnDensityfloatnullableDist[1.2/18.1] Kinematic distance (G1)kpcpos.distancefloatFMax[0/3544] Maximum flux density (G3)Jyphot.flux.density;stat.maxfloatFMin[0/2721] Minimum flux density (G3)Jyphot.flux.density;stat.minfloatVar[1/10.3] Maser variation indexsrc.var.indexfloatN[1/9] Number of previous 6.7GHz maser observationsmeta.numberintNepNumber of NEOWISE epochs for this source (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/265/16/table3Multi-epoch NEOWISE photometry for the 6.7GHz methanol maser samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintVarmeta.ref.urlcharID[2/1085] Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6 sequence numbermeta.idintprimaryNameSource name (L.lll+B.bbb; Galactic) as in Yang+ 2019, J/ApJS/241/18, Table 6meta.id;meta.maincharEpoch[56649.1/59556.6] Averaged Modified Julian Date of observationdtime.epochfloatW1mag[2.45/16.12] NEOWISE 3.36um band mean magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.012/0.5] Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatFW1[0.1/32164] NEOWISE 3.36um band flux densitymJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoublee_FW1[0.03/10743] Uncertainty in FW1mJystat.errordoubleW2mag[0.2/13.5] NEOWISE 4.62um band mean magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0.007/0.4] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatFW2[0.69/140848] NEOWISE 4.62um band flux densitymJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoublee_FW2[0.07/32367] Uncertainty in FW2mJystat.errordouble_RAPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Yang+, 2019, J/ApJS/241/18 (Table 6) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main