J/ApJS/262/12ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/262/12doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22620012CDSKobulnicky H.A.Molnar L.A.Cook E.M.Henderson L.E.2022-12-05T14:27:14Z2022-11-28T09:27:07ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.freclipsing-binary-starsastronomical-modelseffective-temperaturephotometryvisible-astronomyspectroscopyContact binary star systems represent the long-lived penultimate phase of binary evolution. Population statistics of their physical parameters inform an understanding of binary evolutionary pathways and end products. We use light curves and new optical spectroscopy to conduct a pilot study of ten (near) contact systems in the long-period (P>0.5d) tail of close binaries in the Kepler field. We use PHOEBE light-curve models to compute Bayesian probabilities on five principal system parameters. Mass ratios and third-light contributions measured from spectra agree well with those inferred from the light curves. Pilot study systems have extreme mass ratios q<0.32. Most are triples. Analysis of the unbiased sample of 783 0.15d<P<2d (near) contact binaries results in 178 probable contact systems, 114 probable detached systems, and 491 ambiguous systems for which we report best-fitting and 16th-/50th-/84th-percentile parameters. Contact systems are rare at periods P>0.5d, as are systems with q>0.8. There exists an empirical mass ratio lower limit q_min_(P)~0.05-0.15 below which contact systems are absent, supporting a new set of theoretical predictions obtained by modeling the evolution of contact systems under the constraints of mass and angular momentum conservation. Premerger systems should lie at long periods and near this mass ratio lower limit, which rises from q=0.044 for P=0.74d to q=0.15 at P=2.0d. These findings support a scenario whereby nuclear evolution of the primary (more massive) star drives mass transfer to the primary, thus moving systems toward extreme q and larger P until the onset of the Darwin instability at q_min_ precipitates a merger.2022ApJS..262...12Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/262/12CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)II/366 : ASAS-SN catalog of variable stars (Jayasinghe+, 2018-2020)J/AJ/106/2096 : Limb-darkening coefficients in binaries (Van Hamme 1993)J/A+A/428/1001 : Limb-darkening law for LTE models. III. (Claret, 2004)J/ApJ/629/1055 : Evolution of close binary systems (Yakut+, 2005)J/AJ/131/2986 : Multiplicity of contact binaries (Pribulla+, 2006)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/AJ/149/49 : Radial velocities of AW UMa (Rucinski+, 2015)J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)J/AJ/156/241 : Variable stars measured by ATLAS (Heinze+, 2018)J/A+A/623/A72 : Binarity of HIP stars from Gaia pm anomaly (Kervella+, 2019)J/ApJS/262/10 : Kepler eclipsing binaries with Gaia data (Knote+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/262/12https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/262/12http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/262/12https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/262/12https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/262/12http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/262/12GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/262/12/systems (Best parameters (Table 3) and Bayesian percentile parameters (Table 4) for contact, detached, and ambiguous systems when modeled using contact configuration)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/262/12/systems?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/262/12/systems?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/262/12/systems?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true299.982132846.26232080.0055555555555555564/922-923 944 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3732-3733 3737 3741 3743 3760 3780-3782 3784 3786-3787 3792 6/14575 14578-14579 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746 14749-14751 14792 14794-14795 14822 14828 14830 14914-14916 14918-14919 14921-14926 14937-14942 14945 14947 14952-14953 14955 14957-14961 14963 14969-14971 15044 15057 15059-15061 15132-15133 15140-15141 15143 15153-15158 15160-15161 15172-15173 15176 15200https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/262/12?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJS/262/12/systemsBest parameters (Table 3) and Bayesian percentile parameters (Table 4) for contact, detached, and ambiguous systems when modeled using contact configurationrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[1295531/12602985] Kepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryPer[0.13/1.98] Orbital period from Kirk+ 2016, J/AJ/151/68dtime.perioddoubleT0[2454862.14/2455182.8] Julian Date for superior conjunction (1)dtime.epochdoubleTeff[3516/11064] KIC stellar effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintMorph[0.7/1] Light curve morphology parameter as in Kirk+ 2016, J/AJ/151/68src.morph.paramfloati[4.4/90] Orbital inclination angle of best-fitting modeldegsrc.orbital.inclination;meta.modelledfloatf[0.03/0.998] Fillout factor of best-fitting modelstat.fit.paramfloatq[0.04/27.16] Mass ratio q=M_2/M_1 of best-fitting model (2)phys.mass;meta.modelledfloatl3[0/0.998] Third light fraction of best-fitting modelphys.composition.massLightRatio;meta.modelledfloatT2/T1[0.9/1.1] Temperature ratio of components of best-fitting modelphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatRMS[6e-6/0.06] RMS of best fitting modelstat.stdevdoubleFlagIdentification flag (G1)meta.code.errorcharcosi-50[0.02/0.994] Cos(inclination) for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatcosi-84[0.046/0.996] Cos(inclination) for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatf-16[0.03/0.99] Fillout factor for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsstat.fit.paramfloatf-50[0.045/0.992] Fillout factor for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsstat.fit.paramfloatf-84[0.06/0.996] Fillout factor for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsstat.fit.paramfloatlogq-16[-1.4/1.1] Log(Mass ratio) for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (2)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharcosi-16[0.005/0.993] Cos(inclination) for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatlogq-50[-1.24/1.2] Log(Mass ratio) for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (2)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatlogq-84[-1.12/1.5] Log(Mass ratio) for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (2)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatl3-16[0.003/0.997] Fraction of third light for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.composition.massLightRatiofloatl3-50[0.008/0.997] Fraction of third light for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.composition.massLightRatiofloatl3-84[0.016/0.998] Fraction of third light for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.composition.massLightRatiofloatT2/T1-16[0.95/1.05] Component temperature ratios for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatT2/T1-50[0.95/1.05] Component temperature ratios for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatT2/T1-84[0.95/1.06] Component temperature ratios for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatK16Display data from Kirk+ 2016, J/AJ/151/68meta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainDDisplay the detached configuration data (Tables 5+6)meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/262/12/detachedBest parameters (Table 5) and Bayesian percentile parameters (Table 6) for probable detached systems modeled with a detached configurationKIC[1868650/12598713] Kepler Input Catalog IDmeta.id;meta.mainintlogq-50[-1.45/1.24] Log(Mass ratio) for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (1)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatlogq-84[-1.34/1.34] Log(Mass ratio) for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (1)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPer[0.16/1.97] Orbital period from Kirk+ 2016, J/AJ/151/68dtime.perioddoubleT0[2454949.9/2455114] Julian Date for superior conjunction (1)dtime.epochdoubleTeff[4834/11064] Kepler Input catalog stellar effective temperatureKmeta.idintMorph[0.7/1] Light curve morphology parameter as in Kirk+ 2016, J/AJ/151/68src.morph.paramfloati[16.9/89.5] Orbital inclination angle of best-fitting modeldegsrc.orbital.inclination;meta.modelledfloatq[0.03/29.9] Mass ratio q=M_2_/M_1_ of best-fitting model (2)phys.mass;meta.modelledfloatl3[0.007/0.996] Third light fraction of best-fitting modelphys.composition.massLightRatio;meta.modelledfloatT2/T1[0.7/1.12] Temperature ratio of components of best-fitting modelphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatR1[0.19/3.4] Equivalent radius for component 1 of best-fitting modelsolRadphys.size.radiusfloatR2/R1[0.2/5.1] Ratio of component equivalent radii, R2equiv/R1equiv of best-fitting modelphys.size;arith.ratiofloatR1/R1max[0.129/1] The R1equiv/R1max ratio of best-fitting model (G2)phys.size;arith.ratiofloatR2/R2max[0.05/0.99] The R2equiv/R2max ratio of best-fitting model (G2)phys.size;arith.ratiofloatRMS[1.6e-5/0.004] RMS of best fitting modelstat.stdevdoubleFlagIdentification flag (always "D"=Detached system)meta.code.errorcharcosi-16[0.016/0.95] Cos(inclination) for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatcosi-50[0.04/0.96] Cos(inclination) for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatcosi-84[0.08/0.97] Cos(inclination) for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatlogq-16[-1.6/1.16] Log(Mass ratio) for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (1)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatl3-16[0.006/0.992] Fraction of third light for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.composition.massLightRatiofloatl3-50[0.018/0.994] Fraction of third light for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.composition.massLightRatiofloatl3-84[0.03/0.996] Fraction of third light for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.composition.massLightRatiofloatT2/T1-16[0.7/1.14] Component temperature ratios for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatT2/T1-50[0.7/1.3] Component temperature ratios for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatT2/T1-84[0.7/1.4] Component temperature ratios for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizationsphys.temperature;arith.ratiofloatR1-16[0.18/3.4] Radius of component 1 for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (G2)phys.size.radiusfloatR1-50[0.2/3.4] Radius of component 1 for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (G2)phys.size.radiusfloatR1-84[0.25/3.4] Radius of component 1 for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (G2)phys.size.radiusfloatR2/R1-16[0.2/4.6] Component equivalent radii ratios for 16th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (G2)phys.size;arith.ratiofloatR2/R1-50[0.2/5.1] Component equivalent radii ratios for 50th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (G2)phys.size;arith.ratiofloatR2/R1-84[0.2/5.8] Component equivalent radii ratios for 84th percentile of Monte Carlo realizations (G2)phys.size;arith.ratiofloat