J/ApJS/252/32ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/252/32doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22520032CDSJiang N.Wang T.Dou L.Shu X.Hu X.Liu H.Wang Y.Yan L.Sheng Z.,Yang C.Sun L.Zhou H.2021-07-05T12:17:27Z2021-05-26T12:41:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleiinfrared-photometryabsolute-magnitudegalaxy-kinematicsblack-holesstellar-massesOptical time-domain astronomy has grown rapidly in the past decade, but the dynamic infrared sky is rarely explored. Aiming to construct a sample of mid-infrared outbursts in nearby galaxies (MIRONG), we have conducted a systematical search of low-redshift (z<0.35) Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic galaxies that have experienced recent mid-infrared (MIR) flares using their Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) light curves. A total of 137 galaxies have been selected by requiring a brightening amplitude of 0.5mag in at least one WISE band with respect to their quiescent phases. Only a small fraction (10.9%) has corresponding optical flares. Except for the four supernovae (SNe) in our sample, the MIR luminosities of the remaining sources (L_4.6{mu}m_>10^42^erg/s) are markedly brighter than known SNe, and their physical locations are very close to the galactic center (median <0.1"). Only four galaxies are radio-loud, indicating that synchrotron radiation from relativistic jets could contribute to MIR variability. We propose that these MIR outbursts are dominated by the dust echoes of transient accretion onto supermassive black holes, such as tidal disruption events (TDEs) and turn-on (changing-look) active galactic nuclei. Moreover, the inferred peak MIR luminosity function is generally consistent with the X-ray and optical TDEs at the high end, albeit with large uncertainties. Our results suggest that a large population of transients has been overlooked by optical surveys, probably due to dust obscuration or intrinsically optical weakness. Thus, a search in the infrared band is crucial for us to obtain a panoramic picture of nuclear outburst. The multiwavelength follow-up observations of the MIRONG sample are in progress and will be presented in a series of subsequent papers.2021ApJS..252...32Jhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/252/32CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)J/ApJ/670/92 : New sample of low-mass black holes in AGN (Greene+, 2007)J/ApJ/696/870 : Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) (Drake+, 2009)J/ApJ/793/38 : Palomar Transient Factory photometric obs. (Arcavi+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/159 : 17 Seyfert 1 galaxies light curves (Koshida+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/45 : Luminosity & redshift of galaxies from WISE/SDSS (Toba+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJS/219/8 : SFR for WISE + SDSS spectroscopic galaxies (Chang+, 2015)J/ApJ/813/82 : z<0.06 broad-line AGN emission-line measures (Reines+, 2015)J/ApJ/831/168 : 6GHz JVLA obs. of low-z SDSS quasars (Kellermann+, 2016)J/ApJ/844/46 : Phot. of the transient event iPTF16fnl (Blagorodnova+, 2017)J/ApJ/839/88 : 14 unusual IR transients with Spitzer (Kasliwal+, 2017)J/MNRAS/481/307 : Gaia Nuclear Transients (GNTs) (Kostrzewa-Rutkowska+, 2018)J/ApJ/866/44 : WISE/DEIMOS Redshift Catalog DR2 & extended data (Lake+, 2018)J/ApJ/852/72 : Luminosities tidal disruption flares (van Velzen, 2018)J/ApJS/243/21 : A complete sample of broad-line AGN from SDSS-DR7 (Liu+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/252/32https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/252/32http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/252/32https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/252/32https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/252/32http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/252/32GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/252/32/irflares (The properties of MIR flares (Table 1), the fitted dust parameters (Table 3) and the properties of the host galaxies and black holes (Table 5))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/252/32/irflares?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/252/32/irflares?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/252/32/irflares?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.193583114.63690.0055555555555555566/4139 4159 4296 4417 4452 4470 4521 4760 4851 4904 5119 5164 5168 5194 5309 5329 5365 5426 5439 5460 5596 5632 5754 5932 5957 5974 6037 6039 6051 6107 6115 6116 6216 6479 6548 7190 7297 7312 7331 7464 7515 7590 8193 8351 8501 8559 8646 8712 8781 8834 8867 8913 8976 8990 9040 9056 9069 9251 9354 9609 9735 9756 9774 9925 9936 9982 9987 10025 10241 10255 10300 10369 10442 10578 10640 10645 10795 10830 10915 11198 11342 11388 11422 11843 12545 17565 17814 17816 17983 18406 19026 19048 19052 19110 19384 19526 19674 19732 19982 19998 20169 25930 26019 26027 26032 26078 26093 26172 26239 26363 26501 26588 27097 27120 27257 27258 27373 27616 27671 27699 27751 28025 28146 28185 28267 28298 28339 28517 28527 28613 28634 31383 31481 31720 32414 32488 48983https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/252/32?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/252/32/irflaresThe properties of MIR flares (Table 1), the fitted dust parameters (Table 3) and the properties of the host galaxies and black holes (Table 5)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharz[0.0079/0.4] SDSS redshiftsrc.redshiftdoublee_Tbb[5/476] Tbb uncertaintyKstat.errorintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSDSSSDSS name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainDelW1[0.1/3] Amplitude of variability in W1 (3.4um)magsrc.varfloate_DelW1[0.01/0.2] DelW1 uncertaintymagstat.errorfloatDelW2[0.5/3.6] Amplitude of variability in W2 (4.6um)magsrc.varfloate_DelW2[0.01/0.3] DelW2 uncertaintymagstat.errorfloatW1Mag[-27.4/-17.6] Peak absolute magnitude in W1magphys.magAbsfloate_W1Mag[0.01/0.6] Uncertainty on the W1Magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW2Mag[-28.3/-18.4] Peak absolute magnitude in W2magphys.magAbsfloate_W2Mag[0.01/0.3] Uncertainty on the W2Magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW1Lum[40.5/44.5] Peak monochromatic luminosity of W1log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;stat.maxfloate_W1Lum[0/0.3] W1Lum uncertaintylog(1e-07W)stat.errorfloatW2Lum[40.5/44.5] Peak monochromatic luminosity of W2log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;stat.maxfloate_W2Lum[0/0.2] W2Lum uncertaintylog(1e-07W)stat.errorfloatDeld[0.01/1.5] Offset distance between the maximum outburst epoch and the quiescent statearcsecpos.angDistancefloatTbb[560/2541] Dust temperature fitted with the blackbody model at the epoch of W2 luminosity maximumKphys.temperatureintlogLbb[40.6/44.6] Luminosity fitted with the blackbody model at the epoch of W2 luminosity maximumlog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;meta.modelledfloate_logLbb[0.02/0.5] LogLbb uncertaintylog(1e-07W)stat.errorfloatlogMbb[-5.9/-1.1] Mass fitted with the blackbody model at the epoch of W2 luminosity maximumlog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMbb[0.02/0.6] LogMbb uncertaintylog(solMass)stat.errorfloatlogRbb[-3.1/-0.6] Distance of the dust to the central heating source (1)log(pc)pos.distancefloate_logRbb[0.01/0.4] LogRbb uncertaintylog(pc)stat.errorfloatTd[516/1657] Dust temperature fitted with the dust absorption coefficientKphys.temperatureinte_Td[4/179] Td uncertaintyKstat.errorintlogLd[40.6/44.6] Luminosity fitted with the dust absorption coefficientlog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;meta.modelledfloate_logLd[0.01/0.5] LogLd uncertaintylog(1e-07W)stat.errorfloatlogMd[-4.9/-0.3] Mass fitted with the dust absorption coefficientlog(solMass)phys.massfloate_logMd[0.02/0.6] LodMd uncertaintylog(solMass)stat.errorfloatlogRd[-2.6/-0.2] Distance of the dust to the central heating source (1)log(pc)pos.distancefloate_logRd[0.02/0.6] LogRd uncertaintylog(pc)stat.errorfloatrMag[-22.9/-15.9] SDSS absolute r-band magnitude after k-correction to 0.1magphys.magAbsfloatg-r[0.3/1.3] SDSS g-r color index after k-correction to 0.1magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloatsigma? Stellar velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatnullablelogM*[7.9/11.6] Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatlogSFR[-4.5/1.9] Log of stellar formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)arith.rate;phys.SFRfloatlogMBH[4.3/9] Estimated BH masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatTypeClassification in the BPT diagramsrc.classcharn_Type[b] b: robust broad H{alpha} detectionmeta.notecharWISEADisplay data from the AllWISE catalog (II/328) within 2"meta.ref.urlcharSloanDisplay the online SDSS-DR14 data for the nearest objectmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar