J/ApJS/249/33ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/249/33doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22490033CDSKim G.Tatematsu K.Liu T.Yi H.-W.He J.Hirano N.Liu S.-Y.,Choi M.Sanhueza P.Toth L.V.Evans Ii N.J.Feng S.Juvela M.,Kim K.-T.Vastel C.Lee J.-E.Nguyen Lu'o'ng Q.Kang M.,Ristorcelli I.Feher O.Wu Y.Ohashi S.Wang K.Kandori R.Hirota T.,Sakai T.Lu X.Thompson M.A.Fuller G.A.Li D.Shinnaga H.Kim J.2022-09-29T12:07:24Z2022-03-31T07:52:50ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmolecular-physicsmolecular-cloudsinterstellar-mediumyoung-stellar-objectsstar-forming-regionssurveysmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyWe present the results of a single-pointing survey of 207 dense cores embedded in Planck Galactic Cold Clumps distributed in five different environments ({lambda} Orionis, Orion A, Orion B, the Galactic plane, and high latitudes) to identify dense cores on the verge of star formation for the study of the initial conditions of star formation. We observed these cores in eight molecular lines at 76-94GHz using the Nobeyama 45m telescope. We find that early-type molecules (e.g., CCS) have low detection rates and that late-type molecules (e.g., N_2_H^+^ and c-C_3_H_2_) and deuterated molecules (e.g., N_2_D^+^ and DNC) have high detection rates, suggesting that most of the cores are chemically evolved. The deuterium fraction (D/H) is found to decrease with increasing distance, indicating that it suffers from differential beam dilution between the D/H pair of lines for distant cores (>1kpc). For {lambda} Orionis, Orion A, and Orion B located at similar distances, D/H is not significantly different, suggesting that there is no systematic difference in the observed chemical properties among these three regions. We identify at least eight high-D/H cores in the Orion region and two at high latitudes, which are most likely to be close to the onset of star formation. There is no clear evidence of the evolutionary change in turbulence during the starless phase, suggesting that the dissipation of turbulence is not a major mechanism for the beginning of star formation as judged from observations with a beam size of 0.04pc.2020ApJS..249...33Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/249/33CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)II/360 : Gaia DR2 x AllWISE catalogue (Marton+, 2019)J/ApJS/123/233 : Catalog of Optically selected cores (Lee+, 1999)J/ApJ/639/227 : MSX IRDC candidate catalog (Simon+, 2006)J/PASJ/59/1185 : Water maser in galactic IRAS sources (Sunada+, 2007)J/A+A/505/405 : A catalogue of Spitzer dark clouds (Peretto+, 2009)J/PASJ/63/S1 : Atlas of dark clouds based on 2MASS (Dobashi+, 2011)J/ApJ/756/60 : A 3mm line survey in 37 IR dark clouds (Sanhueza+, 2012)J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSO cat. (Megeath+, 2012)J/ApJS/209/31 : The MYStIX IR-Excess Source catalog (MIRES) (Povich+, 2013)J/MNRAS/438/1848 : NGC 7129 Vilnius photometry (Straizys+, 2014)J/A+A/579/A80 : Star-forming regions deuteration (Gerner+, 2015)J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)J/MNRAS/458/3479 : SVM selection of WISE YSO Candidates (Marton+, 2016)J/MNRAS/460/3179 : APOGEE stars distance and extinction (Wang+, 2016)J/A+A/594/A28 : Planck Cat. of Galactic cold clumps (PGCC) (Planck+, 2016)J/ApJ/834/142 : Gould's Belt Distances Survey. II. OMC (Kounkel+, 2017)J/A+A/610/A30 : B stars in 4 open clusters (Aidelman+, 2018)J/A+A/611/A9 : LDN 183 and LDN 169 Vilnius photometry (Straizys+, 2018)J/ApJ/859/33 : GOBELINS. IV. VLBA obs. of Taurus (Galli+, 2018)J/ApJS/236/51 : PGCCs in lambda Orionis complex. II. 850um cores (Yi+, 2018)J/AJ/156/18 : APOGEE:Binary comp. of evolved stars (Price-Whelan+, 2018)J/ApJ/865/73 : GOBELINS. V. Kinematics of Perseus (Ortiz-Leon+, 2018)J/ApJ/886/102 : ALMA obs. of 70um dark high-mass clumps (Sanhueza+, 2019)J/MNRAS/485/2895 : The SCOPE 850um compact source catalogue (Eden+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/249/33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/249/33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/249/33https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/249/33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/249/33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/249/33GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/249/33/table1 (Information of 207 SCUBA-2 cores embedded in Planck Galactic Cold Clumps)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/249/33/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/249/33/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/249/33/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true79.75462513.13494440.0055555555555555566/860 1075 1261 1344 3229 13981 14002 14052 14347 14594-14595 14618 14678 15420-15421 15676 15683 15759 21396-21397 21425 21428 21430 21436 21438 22804-22805 22807 22854-22855 22861 22873 23561 23563 23590 23597 23697 23704 23738-23739 23763 23810 24077 24474 28890 29113 29115 29119 29160 29440 29461 29469 29504 29532 29535 30244 30317-30319 30328 30427 30431 30733 31263https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/249/33?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJS/249/33/table1Information of 207 SCUBA-2 cores embedded in Planck Galactic Cold ClumpsCloudName(s) of parent cloud(s)meta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTZDisplay data from the TZ receiver (link to Table 3)meta.ref.urlintnullableNameSCUBA-2 core name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000) (1)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000) (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainAssocYSO association (2)meta.notecharDist[0.11/9.21] Distance from this workkpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatRef[1/18] Reference for the adopted distance (3)meta.ref;pos.frameintYSOSource name of YSOmeta.id.assocchare_Td[0.4/8.6] Td uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatTd[9.2/22.4] Dust temperature from PGCC from Eden+ (2019, J/MNRAS/485/2895)Kphys.temperaturefloatNH2[0.2/11.7] Hydrogen column density from Eden+ (2019, J/MNRAS/485/2895) (4)1e+23cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloate_NH2[0.1/3.1] NH2 uncertainty1e+23cm**-2stat.error;phys.columnDensityfloatEnvEnvironment surrounding the SCUBA-2 core (5)meta.codecharPGCCName of Planck Galactic Cold Clump (PGCC; GLLL.ll+BB.bb)meta.id.parentcharcCatDisplay data from Yi+, 2018, J/ApJS/236/51 or Eden+, 2019, J/MNRAS/485/2895meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/249/33/table3Properties of 82GHz CCS, 94GHz CCS, HC_3_N, and N_2_H^+^ linesl_Tpk94[<= ] Limit flag on Tpk94 (1)meta.code.errorTpk94[0.14/0.94]? 94GHz CCS peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scaleKphot.antennaTempfloatnullableVlsr94[1.56/11.4]? 94GHz CCS Local Standard of Rest systemic velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelV94[0.1/0.9]? 94GHz CCS full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablel_TpkHC3N[<= ] Limit flag on TpkHC3N (1)meta.code.errorTpkHC3N[0.15/2.06]? HC3N peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scaleKphot.antennaTempfloatnullableVlsrHC3N[1.44/13.63]? HC3N Local Standard of Rest systemic velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelVHC3N[0.1/1.78]? HC3N full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablel_TpkN2H[<= ] Limit flag on TpkN2H (1)meta.code.errorTpkN2H[0.16/4.9]? N2H+ peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scale (2)Kphot.antennaTempfloatnullableDelVN2H[0.22/1.42]? N2H+ FWHM (3)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableTex[4/21.8]? Excitation temperature (3)Kphys.atmol.excitationfloatnullablee_Tex[0.1/4.3]? Tex uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatnullablef_Texd = value derived from dust temperaturemeta.codechartau[0.5/12.7]? Total line optical depth (3)phys.absorption.opticalDepth;spect.linefloatnullablee_tau[0.1/4]? Tau uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableTant[1.2/109]? T_ant_{tau} value (3)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_Tant[0.1/3.3]? Tant uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatnullableTpk82[0.14/1.3]? 82GHz CCS peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scaleKphot.antennaTempfloatnullableVlsrN2Hga[1.12/13.6]? N2H+ Local Standard of Rest systemic velocity (2)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelVN2Hga[0.19/1.48]? N2H+ full width at half maximum (2)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableVlsrN2H[1.35/13.6]? N2H+ systemic velocity (3)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSCUBA-2 core namemeta.id;meta.maincharl_Tpk82[<= ] Limit flag on Tpk82 (1)meta.code.errorVlsr82[1.71/10.69]? 82GHz CCS Local Standard of Rest systemic velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelV82[0.1/1.17]? 82GHz CCS full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableJ/ApJS/249/33/table4Properties of c-C_3_H_2_, DNC, HN^13^C, and N_2_D^+^ linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintl_Tpkc[<= ] Limit flag on Tpkcmeta.code.errorTpkc[0.08/2.34] Peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scale of the c-C_3_H_2_ lineKphot.antennaTempfloatVlsrc[-31.72/106]? c-C_3_H_2_ systemic velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelVc[0.22/3.76]? c-C_3_H_2_ FWHMkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablel_TpkDNC[<= ] Limit flag on TpkDNCmeta.code.errorTpkDNC[0.08/2.58] Peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scale of the DNC lineKphot.antennaTempfloatVlsrDNC[-21/106]? DNC systemic velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelVDNC[0.2/3.65]? DNC FWHMkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablel_TpkHN13C[<= ] Limit flag on TpkHN13Cmeta.code.errorTpkHN13C[0.08/0.93] Peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scale of the HN^13^C lineKphot.antennaTempfloatVlsrHN13C[-19.32/106.07]? HN^13^C systemic velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelVHN13C[0.27/3.32]? HN^13^C FWHMkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablel_TpkN2D[<= ] Limit flag on TpkN2Dmeta.code.errorTpkN2D[0.08/1.2] Peak temperature at the T_A_^*^ scale of the N_2_D^+^ line from brightest hyperfine componentKphot.antennaTempfloatVlsrN2Dga[-19.27/45.77]? N_2_D^+^ systemic velocity from the brightest hyperfine componentkm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelVN2Dga[0.19/2]? N_2_D^+^ FWHM from the brightest hyperfine componentkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableVlsrN2D[-17.4/45.7]? N_2_D^+^ systemic velocity (1)km/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDelVN2D[0.27/1.8]? N_2_D^+^ FWHM (1)km/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableTex[4/9.8]? Excitation temperature (1)Kphys.atmol.excitationfloatnullablee_Tex[0.1/5]? Tex uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatnullablef_Texd=value is derived from dust temperaturemeta.codechartau[0.2/4.3]? Total line optical depth of all the hyperfine components (1)phys.absorption.opticalDepth;spect.linefloatnullablee_tau[0.1/12.1]? Tau uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableTant[0.3/9.5]? T_ant_{tau}(=(Tex-Tbg){tau}) (1)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_Tant[0.1/1.2]? Tant uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatnullableNameSCUBA-2 core namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryJ/ApJS/249/33/table5Column density, column density ratio, Mach number, and integrated intensity ratio of N_2_D^+^, N_2_H^+^, DNC, HN^13^C, CCS, and HC_3_N moleculesf_NN2HFlag on NN2H (1)meta.codecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintl_NN2D[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on NN2Dmeta.code.errorNN2D[3.7/140] N_2_D^+^ column density1e+11cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloate_NN2D[0.6/26]? NN2D uncertainty1e+11cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablee_NN2H[0.1/7]? NN2H uncertainty1e+12cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablel_NDNC[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on NDNCmeta.code.errorf_NN2DFlag on NN2D (1)meta.codecharl_NN2H[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on NN2Hmeta.code.errorNN2H[0.7/67]? N_2_H^+^ column density1e+12cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullableNameSCUBA-2 core namemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryNDNC[1.8/670] DNC column density1e+11cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloate_NDNC[1.3/340]? NDNC uncertainty1e+11cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablef_NDNCFlag on NDNC (1)meta.codecharl_NHN13C[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on NHN13Cmeta.code.errorNHN13C[1.9/64] HN^13^C column density1e+11cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloate_NHN13C[1.5/32]? NHN13C uncertainty1e+11cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablef_NHN13CFlag on NHN13C (1)meta.codecharl_NCCS[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on NCCSmeta.code.errorNCCS[6.6/200]? 82GHz CCS column density1e+11cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NCCS[4.2/100]? NCCS uncertainty1e+11cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablef_NCCSFlag on NCCS (1)meta.codecharl_NHC3N[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on NHC3Nmeta.code.errorNHC3N[5.2/1100]? HC_3_N column density1e+11cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NHC3N[6/550]? NHC3N uncertainty1e+11cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullablef_NHC3NFlag on NHC3N (1)meta.codecharl_N2D/N2H[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on N2D/N2Hphys.columnDensity;arith.diffN2D/N2H[0.04/1.71]? NN2D to NN2H ratiophys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullablee_N2D/N2H[0.01/0.14]? N2D/N2H uncertaintyphys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullablel_DNC/HNC[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on DNC/HNCphys.columnDensity;arith.diffDNC/HNC[0.1/14.6]? NDNC to NHN13C ratiophys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullablee_DNC/HNC[0.1/10.3]? DNC/HNC uncertaintyphys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullablel_N2H/CCS[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on N2H/CCSphys.columnDensity;arith.diffN2H/CCS[0.2/44.7]? NN2H to NCCS ratiophys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullablee_N2H/CCS[0.4/11.7]? N2H/CCS uncertaintyphys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullablel_N2H/HCN[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on N2H/HCNphys.columnDensity;arith.diffN2H/HCN[0.1/11.3]? NN2H to NHC3N ratiophys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullablee_N2H/HCN[0.1/5.6]? N2H/HCN uncertaintyphys.columnDensity;arith.difffloatnullableM[0.3/2.4]? Mach number of the N_2_H^+^ linephys.velocfloatnullablee_M[0.1/0.4]? M uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullablel_Ratio[<=> ] 3{sigma} limit flag on Ratiometa.code.error;arith.ratioRatio[0.1/5.4]? Integrated intensity ratio of DNC to HN^13^C linesspect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_Ratio[0.1/1.1]? Ratio uncertaintystat.error;arith.ratiofloatnullable