J/ApJS/241/29ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/241/29doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22410029CDSYang H.Liu J.2020-09-28T08:03:12Z2019-12-31T08:02:03ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flaresvisible-astronomyWe present a flare catalog of the Kepler mission using the long-cadence data of Data Release 25. This catalog comprises 3420 flare stars and 162262 flare events. A comparison shows that the flare catalogs of previous studies are seriously polluted by various false-positive signals and artifacts. The incidence of flare stars rises with decreasing temperature, which accords with the theoretical analysis. The flare frequency distributions (FFDs) from F-type stars to M-type stars obey a power-law relation with {alpha}~2, indicating that they have the same mechanism on generating flares. The remarkable incidence and the deviation of FFDs on A-type flare stars imply that they generate flares in a different way. The activity-rotation relation is consistent with previous studies at low temperature bands, whereas it becomes dispersive with increasing temperature. Combined with the Gyrochronology, we find that the mixing of stars of two different dynamos gives rise to the dispersion. We thereby propose a scenario on understanding the activity-rotation relation across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Based on the scenario and the correspondence of dynamo with regard to activity and rotation, we suggest a new expression on the activity-rotation relation, in which the segmentation is on the basis of the dynamo rather than the rotation period. The rotation distribution of flare stars shows that about 70% of flare stars rotate faster than 10 days and the rate approaches 95% at 30 days. Based on the incidence and the rotation distribution of flare stars, we estimate that a superflare with energy ~10^34^erg occurs on the Sun at least once in 5500yr.2019ApJS..241...29Yhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/241/29CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/76 : Chromospherically Active Binaries (Strassmeier+ 1993)V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)V/146 : LAMOST DR1 catalogs (Luo+, 2015)J/A+A/397/147 : Activity-rotation relationship in stars (Pizzolato+ 2003)J/AJ/128/426 : Subdwarfs in the SDSS (West+, 2004)J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)J/ApJ/695/679 : Stellar rotation in M35 (Meibom+, 2009)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/AJ/141/50 : White-light flares from Kepler (Walkowicz+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with rotation periods & X-ray lum. (Wright+, 2011)J/other/Nat/485.478 : Superflares on solar-type stars (Maehara+, 2012)J/ApJ/754/4 : HST monitoring of flaring stars in Gal. bulge (Osten+, 2012)J/MNRAS/431/2240 : Activity in A-type stars from Kepler (Balona, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Stellar parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJS/207/15 : M dwarf flare spectra (Kowalski+, 2013)J/A+A/560/A4 : Rotation periods of active Kepler stars (Reinhold+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/ApJ/795/161 : Activity & rotation in Praesepe & Hyades (Douglas+, 2014)J/A+A/572/A34 : Pulsating solar-like stars in Kepler (Garcia+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/MNRAS/447/2714 : Flare stars across the H-R diagram (Balona+, 2015)J/ApJS/220/19 : LAMOST obs. in the Kepler field. I. (De Cat+, 2015)J/ApJS/224/12 : Kepler planetary candidates. VII. 48-month (Coughlin+, 2016)J/ApJ/829/23 : Stellar flares from Q0-Q17 Kepler LCs (Davenport, 2016)J/ApJS/224/37 : White-light flares on close bin. from Kepler (Gao+, 2016)J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)J/ApJ/835/25 : Calibrated solar S-index time series (Egeland+, 2017)J/ApJS/229/30 : Revised properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)J/ApJ/851/91 : Solar white-light flares (Namekata+, 2017)J/ApJS/232/26 : Catalog of Kepler flare stars (Van Doorsselaere+, 2017)J/ApJ/849/36 : Flaring activity of M dwarfs in Kepler field (Yang+, 2017)J/ApJ/859/87 : Kepler long- & short-cadence flare parameters (Yang+, 2018)J/A+A/622/A133 : M45, M44 and M67 flare stars (Ilin+, 2019)http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler : MAST Kepler archivehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/241/29https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/241/29http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/241/29https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/241/29https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/241/29http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/241/29GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/241/29/table1 (Parameters of flaring stars -- from erratum published in 2020, ApJS, 250, 25)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/29/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/29/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/241/29/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true284.1392545.23004190.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 934 935 944 945 946 5/3645 3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3788 3789 3792 6/14559 14567 14573 14575 14577 14578 14579 14730 14731 14738 14744 14746 14749 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14822 14828 14830 14914 14915 15040 15041 15043 15044 15045 15057 15059 15060 15061 15062 15160 15161 15172 15173 15174 15176 15178 15200 15202 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/241/29?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJS/241/29/table1Parameters of flaring stars -- from erratum published in 2020, ApJS, 250, 25_RAPositions of KIC stars from KIC catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[892376/12835232] Kepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongprimaryNf[1/491] Number of flaresmeta.numberintTeff[2500/11287] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlogg[2.2/5.4] log surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatLum[1.57e-8/0.011] Flare to bolometric luminosity ratiophys.luminosity;arith.ratiodoubleProt[-1/61.3] Rotational period (1)dtime.periodfloatr_ProtReference code for Prot (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharNSNeighboring star code (p=neighboring star --152 occurrences--; np=no neighboring star)meta.codecharM17Display the Kepler DR25 data from Mathur+, 2017, J/ApJS/229/30meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_DEPositions of KIC stars from KIC catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/241/29/table2Parameters of flaresrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[892376/12835232] Kepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongQKepler observation quarter (Q1 to Q17) (1)meta.code;obscharBegin[131.63/1590.84] Flare beginning timedtime.epochdoubleEnd[131.67/1590.88] Flare ending timedtime.epochdoublelogE[29.3/38.6] log flare energy in ergslog(1e-07J)phys.energyfloat