J/ApJS/238/19ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/238/19doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22380019CDSTychoniec L.Tobin J.J.Karska A.Chandler C.Dunham M.M.Harris R.J.,Kratter K.M.Li Z.-Y.Looney L.W.Melis C.Perez L.M.Sadavoy S.I.,Segura-Cox D.van Dishoeck E.F.2021-02-23T07:58:11Z2019-01-04T11:58:07ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmolecular-cloudsyoung-stellar-objectsradio-continuum-emissionsurveysEmission from protostars at centimeter radio wavelengths has been shown to trace the free-free emission arising from ionizing shocks as a result of jets and outflows driven by protostars. Therefore, measuring properties of protostars at radio frequencies can provide valuable insights into the nature of their outflows and jets. We present a C-band (4.1 and 6.4cm) survey of all known protostars (Class0 and ClassI) in Perseus as part of the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey. We examine the known correlations between radio flux density and protostellar parameters, such as bolometric luminosity and outflow force, for our sample. We also investigate the relationship between radio flux density and far-infrared line luminosities from Herschel. We show that free-free emission most likely originates from J-type shocks; however, the large scatter indicates that those two types of emission probe different time and spatial scales. Using C-band fluxes, we removed an estimation of free-free contamination from the corresponding Ka- band (9mm) flux densities that primarily probe dust emission from embedded disks. We find that the compact (<1") dust emission is lower for Class I sources (median dust mass 96M_{Earth}_) relative to Class 0 (248M_{Earth}_), but several times higher than in Class II (5-15M_{Earth}_). If this compact dust emission is tracing primarily the embedded disk, as is likely for many sources, this result provides evidence of decreasing disk masses with protostellar evolution, with sufficient mass for forming giant planet cores primarily at early times.2018ApJS..238...19Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/238/19CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVIII/65 : 1.4GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) (Condon+ 1998)J/A+AS/106/165 : Near-IR imaging photometry of NGC 1333 (Aspin+ 1994)J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/ApJS/125/427 : Radio sources in HH 7-11 region (Rodriguez+, 1999)J/AJ/122/866 : X-ray sources in IC 348 from Chandra (Preibisch+, 2001)J/ApJ/575/354 : Young stellar objects in the NGC 1333 (Getman+, 2002)J/A+A/409/147 : J magnitude of IC 348 brown dwarfs (Preibisch+, 2003)J/AJ/127/1131 : NGC 1333 low-mass stars infrared photometry (Wilking+, 2004)J/A+A/426/503 : High velocity molecular outflows (Update) (Wu+, 2004)J/ApJ/638/293 : 1.1mm sources in the Perseus Molecular Cloud (Enoch+, 2006)J/A+A/472/187 : CO outflows towards submm cores in Perseus (Hatchell+, 2007)J/ApJ/668/1042 : Dense cores in Perseus molecular cloud (Kirk+, 2007)J/AJ/135/2496 : Near-IR survey of Class I protostars (Connelley+, 2008)J/MNRAS/387/954 : H2 imaging of NGC 1333, L1455, L1448 and B1 (Davis+, 2008)J/ApJ/674/336 : Spitzer observations of NGC 1333 (Gutermuth+, 2008)J/AJ/136/1372 : Very low-mass YSOs in NGC 1333 (Oasa+, 2008)J/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/AJ/140/266 : NGC 1333 X-ray luminous YSOs properties (Winston+, 2010)J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)J/ApJ/775/63 : Gould's Belt VLA Survey. I. Ophiuchus complex (Dzib+, 2013)J/A+A/572/A21 : H2O spectra of nearby Class 0/I protostars (Mottram+, 2014)J/ApJ/801/91 : Gould's Belt Very Large Array survey IV. Taurus (Dzib+, 2015)J/A+A/577/L2 : Barnard 1b-N and 1b-S nascent bipolar outflows (Gerin+, 2015)J/A+A/576/A109 : YSOs APEX-CHAMP^+^ high-J CO maps (Yildiz+, 2015)J/AJ/150/40 : The Spitzer c2d survey of clouds. XII. Perseus (Young+, 2015)J/ApJ/828/46 : ALMA survey of Lupus protoplanetary disks I. (Ansdell+, 2016)J/ApJ/827/142 : ALMA obs. of GKM stars in Upper Sco (Barenfeld+, 2016)J/ApJ/831/125 : 887{mu}m obs. of ChaI star-forming region (Pascucci+, 2016)J/ApJ/818/116 : Gould's Belt VLA survey. V. Perseus region (Pech+, 2016)J/ApJ/818/73 : Study of protostars in Perseus molecular cloud (Tobin+, 2016)J/AJ/153/240 : Protoplanetary disk ALMA survey in sigma Ori (Ansdell+, 2017)J/ApJS/230/7 : Spectral flux densities from 50MHz to 50GHz (Perley+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/238/19https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/238/19http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/238/19https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/238/19https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/238/19http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/238/19GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/238/19/table4 (Young stellar object candidates)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true56.0850416732.032958330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/238/19/table5 (Known non-protostellar sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true56.0824166731.988569440.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/238/19/table1 (Protostars of the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) survey)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true55.986687532.013944720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/238/19/protostars (C-band observation results (table 3) and disk masses (table 10) for the protostars of table 1)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/protostars?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/protostars?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/protostars?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true55.986687532.013944720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/238/19/table6 (New detections reported in Pech+ (2016, J/ApJ/818/116))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true52.2631666731.464605560.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/238/19/table7 (New detections from VANDAM survey)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/238/19/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true55.9887916731.983016670.0055555555555555566/857 858 859 860 862 880 881 1538 1539 1542 15443.1038212969211673e-24 2.2071618111439412e-23https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/238/19?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/ApJS/238/19/table4Young stellar object candidatesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[3] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/32] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_Fint6.4Limit flag on Fint6.4meta.code.errorcharFint6.4[0.01/63]? Integrated 6.4cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzdoublenullablee_Fint6.4[0.002/2]? Uncertainty in Fint6.4mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk6.4Limit flag on Fpeak6.4meta.code.errorcharFpk6.4[0.01/43]? Peak 6.4cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS6.4[0.004/0.1]? Root-Mean-Square of 6.4cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_Fint4.1Limit flag on Fint4.1meta.code.errorcharFint4.1[0.006/17]? Integrated 4.1cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHzdoublenullablee_Fint4.1[0.003/0.7]? Uncertainty in Fint4.1mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk4.1Limit flag on Fpeak4.1meta.code.errorcharFpk4.1[0.01/6]? Peak 4.1cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS4.1[0.003/0.6]? Root-Mean-Square of 4.1cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_SpIndIntLimit flag on SpIndIntmeta.code.errorcharSpIndInt[-6/8.1]? Spectral index calculated with the integrated fluxspect.indexfloatnullablee_SpIndInt[0/3.4]? Uncertainty in SpIndIntstat.errorfloatnullablel_SpIndPkLimit flag on SpIndPeakmeta.code.errorcharSpIndPk[-7/7.2]? Spectral index calculated with the peak fluxspect.indexdoublenullablee_SpIndPk[0/1]? Uncertainty in SpIndPeakstat.errorfloatnullablec2dDisplay the c2d Spitzer data (II/332) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJS/238/19/table5Known non-protostellar sourcesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharl_SpIndPkLimit flag on SpIndPeakmeta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeType (only for table 5)src.classcharNameIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[3] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/32] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_Fint6.4Limit flag on Fint6.4meta.code.errorcharFint6.4[0.01/63]? Integrated 6.4cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzdoublenullablee_Fint6.4[0.002/2]? Uncertainty in Fint6.4mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk6.4Limit flag on Fpeak6.4meta.code.errorcharFpk6.4[0.01/43]? Peak 6.4cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS6.4[0.004/0.1]? Root-Mean-Square of 6.4cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_Fint4.1Limit flag on Fint4.1meta.code.errorcharFint4.1[0.006/17]? Integrated 4.1cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHzdoublenullablee_Fint4.1[0.003/0.7]? Uncertainty in Fint4.1mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk4.1Limit flag on Fpeak4.1meta.code.errorcharFpk4.1[0.01/6]? Peak 4.1cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS4.1[0.003/0.6]? Root-Mean-Square of 4.1cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_SpIndIntLimit flag on SpIndIntmeta.code.errorcharSpIndInt[-6/8.1]? Spectral index calculated with the integrated fluxspect.indexfloatnullablee_SpIndInt[0/3.4]? Uncertainty in SpIndIntstat.errorfloatnullableSpIndPk[-7/7.2]? Spectral index calculated with the peak fluxspect.indexdoublenullablee_SpIndPk[0/1]? Uncertainty in SpIndPeakstat.errorfloatnullablec2dDisplay the c2d Spitzer data (II/332) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJS/238/19/table1Protostars of the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) surveySimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameIdentifier (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[3] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (2)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/32] Degree of Declination (J2000) (2)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainFieldField identifier (3)meta.id;obs.fieldcharDet6.4Detected at 6.4cm? (Y)es/(N)ometa.codecharDet4.1Detected at 4.1cm? (Y)es/(N)ometa.codecharClassProtostar classsrc.classcharLbol[0/32.5]? Bolometric luminosity (4)solLumphys.luminosityfloatnullablee_Lbol[0/7.1]? Uncertainty in LbolsolLumstat.errorfloatnullableTbol[14/1300]? Bolometric temperature(4)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_Tbol[1/240]? Uncertainty in TbolKstat.errorfloatnullablec2dDisplay the c2d Spitzer data (II/332) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJS/238/19/protostarsC-band observation results (table 3) and disk masses (table 10) for the protostars of table 1l_Fpk6.4Limit flag on Fpeak6.4meta.code.errorcharl_Mcg+dLimit to Mcg+dmeta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000[3] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/32] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_Fint6.4Limit flag on Fint6.4meta.code.errorcharFint6.4[0.01/63]? Integrated 6.4cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzdoublenullablee_Fint6.4[0.002/2]? Uncertainty in Fint6.4mJystat.errordoublenullableFpk6.4[0.01/43]? Peak 6.4cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS6.4[0.004/0.1]? Root-Mean-Square of 6.4cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_Fint4.1Limit flag on Fint4.1meta.code.errorcharFint4.1[0.006/17]? Integrated 4.1cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHzdoublenullablee_Fint4.1[0.003/0.7]? Uncertainty in Fint4.1mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk4.1Limit flag on Fpeak4.1meta.code.errorcharFpk4.1[0.01/6]? Peak 4.1cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS4.1[0.003/0.6]? Root-Mean-Square of 4.1cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_SpIndIntLimit flag on SpIndIntmeta.code.errorcharSpIndInt[-6/8.1]? Spectral index calculated with the integrated fluxspect.indexfloatnullablee_SpIndInt[0/3.4]? Uncertainty in SpIndIntstat.errorfloatnullablel_SpIndPkLimit flag on SpIndPeakmeta.code.errorcharSpIndPk[-7/7.2]? Spectral index calculated with the peak fluxspect.indexdoublenullablee_SpIndPk[0/1]? Uncertainty in SpIndPeakstat.errorfloatnullablel_F9Limit flag on F9meta.code.errorcharF9[0.02/8]? Integrated 9mm flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatnullablel_Fc9Limit flag on Fc9meta.code.errorcharFc9[0/6.7]? Corrected 9mm flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.30-50GHzfloatnullableFd/F9[0/100]? Ratio of dust to 9mm fluxes%phot.flux;em.mm.30-50GHz;arith.ratiointnullablel_Mg+dLimit to Mg+dmeta.code.errorcharMg+d[0.004/1.7]? Gas and dust masses from 9mm datasolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mg+d[0.002/0.03]? Uncertainty in Mg+dsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableMcg+d[0/1.5]? Gas and dust masses from corrected 9mm datasolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mcg+d[0.002/0.03]? Uncertainty in Mcg+dsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableFlagFlag (3)meta.code.errorcharJ/ApJS/238/19/table6New detections reported in Pech+ (2016, J/ApJ/818/116)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[3] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/32] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_Fint6.4Limit flag on Fint6.4meta.code.errorcharFint6.4[0.01/63]? Integrated 6.4cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzdoublenullablee_Fint6.4[0.002/2]? Uncertainty in Fint6.4mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk6.4Limit flag on Fpeak6.4meta.code.errorcharFpk6.4[0.01/43]? Peak 6.4cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS6.4[0.004/0.1]? Root-Mean-Square of 6.4cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_Fint4.1Limit flag on Fint4.1meta.code.errorcharFint4.1[0.006/17]? Integrated 4.1cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHzdoublenullablee_Fint4.1[0.003/0.7]? Uncertainty in Fint4.1mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk4.1Limit flag on Fpeak4.1meta.code.errorcharFpk4.1[0.01/6]? Peak 4.1cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS4.1[0.003/0.6]? Root-Mean-Square of 4.1cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_SpIndIntLimit flag on SpIndIntmeta.code.errorcharSpIndInt[-6/8.1]? Spectral index calculated with the integrated fluxspect.indexfloatnullablee_SpIndInt[0/3.4]? Uncertainty in SpIndIntstat.errorfloatnullablel_SpIndPkLimit flag on SpIndPeakmeta.code.errorcharSpIndPk[-7/7.2]? Spectral index calculated with the peak fluxspect.indexdoublenullablee_SpIndPk[0/1]? Uncertainty in SpIndPeakstat.errorfloatnullablec2dDisplay the c2d Spitzer data (II/332) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJS/238/19/table7New detections from VANDAM surveyNameIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[3] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/32] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_Fint6.4Limit flag on Fint6.4meta.code.errorcharFint6.4[0.01/63]? Integrated 6.4cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzdoublenullablee_Fint6.4[0.002/2]? Uncertainty in Fint6.4mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk6.4Limit flag on Fpeak6.4meta.code.errorcharFpk6.4[0.01/43]? Peak 6.4cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS6.4[0.004/0.1]? Root-Mean-Square of 6.4cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_Fint4.1Limit flag on Fint4.1meta.code.errorcharFint4.1[0.006/17]? Integrated 4.1cm flux density (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHzdoublenullablee_Fint4.1[0.003/0.7]? Uncertainty in Fint4.1mJystat.errordoublenullablel_Fpk4.1Limit flag on Fpeak4.1meta.code.errorcharFpk4.1[0.01/6]? Peak 4.1cm value of flux density on sourcemJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHz;stat.maxdoublenullableRMS4.1[0.003/0.6]? Root-Mean-Square of 4.1cm imagemJy/beamstat.errordoublenullablel_SpIndIntLimit flag on SpIndIntmeta.code.errorcharSpIndInt[-6/8.1]? Spectral index calculated with the integrated fluxspect.indexfloatnullablee_SpIndInt[0/3.4]? Uncertainty in SpIndIntstat.errorfloatnullablel_SpIndPkLimit flag on SpIndPeakmeta.code.errorcharSpIndPk[-7/7.2]? Spectral index calculated with the peak fluxspect.indexdoublenullablee_SpIndPk[0/1]? Uncertainty in SpIndPeakstat.errorfloatnullablec2dDisplay the c2d Spitzer data (II/332) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullable