J/ApJS/236/49ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/236/49doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22360049CDSZhang C.-P.Liu T.Yuan J.Sanhueza P.Traficante A.Li G.-X.Li D.,Tatematsu K.Wang KeLee C.W.Samal M.R.Eden D.Marston A.Liu X.-L.,Zhou J.-J.Li P.S.Koch P.M.Xu J.-L.Wu Y.Juvela M.Zhang T.,Alina D.Goldsmith P.F.Toth L.V.Wang J.-J.Kim K.-T.2018-11-30T08:05:29Z2018-10-12T10:06:15ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxyinterstellar-mediumco-line-emissionmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyinfrared-sourcesIn order to understand the initial conditions and early evolution of star formation in a wide range of Galactic environments, we carried out an investigation of 64 Planck Galactic cold clumps (PGCCs) in the second quadrant of the Milky Way. Using the ^13^CO and C^18^O J=1-0 lines and 850{mu}m continuum observations, we investigated cloud fragmentation and evolution associated with star formation. We extracted 468 clumps and 117 cores from the ^13^CO line and 850{mu}m continuum maps, respectively. We made use of the Bayesian distance calculator and derived the distances of all 64 PGCCs. We found that in general, the mass-size plane follows a relation of m~r^1.67^. At a given scale, the masses of our objects are around 1/10 of that of typical Galactic massive star-forming regions. Analysis of the clump and core masses, virial parameters, densities, and mass-size relation suggests that the PGCCs in our sample have a low core formation efficiency (~3.0%), and most PGCCs are likely low-mass star-forming candidates. Statistical study indicates that the 850{mu}m cores are more turbulent, more optically thick, and denser than the ^13^CO clumps for star formation candidates, suggesting that the 850{mu}m cores are likely more appropriate future star formation candidates than the ^13^CO clumps.2018ApJS..236...49Zhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/236/49CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)VIII/39 : Composite CO Survey of the Milky Way (Dame+ 1987)J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/PASJ/56/313 : 13CO survey of Mon & CMa molecular clouds (Kim+, 2004)J/ApJ/649/759 : Bubbles in the galactic disk (Churchwell+, 2006)J/ApJ/641/389 : Millimetric observations of IRDC cores (Rathborne+, 2006)J/ApJ/670/428 : Bubbles in the galactic disk. II. (Churchwell+, 2007)J/MNRAS/379/663 : 850um observations of W3 giant molecular cloud (Moore+, 2007)J/MNRAS/374/1413 : SCUBA survey of Orion (Nutter+, 2007)J/A+A/487/993 : MAMBO Mapping of c2d Clouds and Cores (Kauffmann+, 2008)J/A+A/527/A145 : Chamaeleon I 870um sources (Belloche+, 2011)J/A+A/530/A118 : G29.96-0.02 and G35.20-1.74 1mm and 3mm maps (Pillai+, 2011)J/ApJ/756/60 : A 3mm line survey in 37 IR dark clouds (Sanhueza+, 2012)J/MNRAS/422/3178 : Distances of 793 BGPS sources (Eden+, 2012)J/ApJS/202/4 : Planck cold clumps survey in the Orion complex (Liu+, 2012)J/ApJ/756/76 : Planck cold dust clumps CO survey (Wu+, 2012)J/MNRAS/431/1587 : GRS/BGPS sources in Galactic Plane (Eden+, 2013)J/ApJ/772/45 : Hi-GAL obs.: star formation in the 3rd quadrant (Elia+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/2003 : G305 star-forming complex in ^13^CO (Hindson+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/37 : Planck cold clumps in ^12^CO, ^13^CO and C^18^O (Meng+, 2013)J/ApJ/780/173 : Masses of giant molecular clouds in MW (Battisti+, 2014)J/A+A/565/A75 : ATLASGAL. Dust condensations in Gal. plane (Csengeri+, 2014)J/A+A/561/A148 : Mass Distribution of Infrared Dark Clouds (Gomez+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/1555 : ATLASGAL massive star forming clumps (Urquhart+, 2014)J/A+A/584/A91 : Dense cores in Aquila from Herschel (Konyves+, 2015)J/MNRAS/453/4264 : JCMT Plane Survey: l=30{deg} field (Moore+, 2015)J/MNRAS/448/1551 : JCMT Gould Belt Survey: Serpens MWC 297 (Rumble+, 2015)J/A+A/579/A91 : ATLASGAL inner Galaxy cold dust clumps (Wienen+, 2015)J/MNRAS/459/342 : Dense cores in Taurus L1495 cloud (Marsh+, 2016)J/A+A/594/A28 : Planck Catalog of Galactic cold clumps (PGCC) (Planck+, 2016)J/ApJ/820/37 : HCO+ & HCN obs. toward Planck Gal. Cold Clumps (Yuan+, 2016)J/A+A/585/A117 : N131 bubble CO integrated intensity maps (Zhang+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/43 : Planck cold clumps & cores in the 2nd quadrant (Zhang+, 2016)J/A+A/601/A60 : ATLASGAL: Massive cluster progenitors (Csengeri+, 2017)J/A+A/600/L10 : Massive cluster progenitors from ATLASGAL (Csengeri+, 2017)J/A+A/599/A139 : ATLASGAL massive clumps dust characterization (Koenig+, 2017)J/ApJS/231/11 : High-mass starless clump cand. from ATLASGAL (Yuan+, 2017)J/A+A/598/A76 : Six infrared dark clouds multi-wavelength obs. (Zhang+, 2017)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Galactic clumps (Urquhart+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/236/49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/236/49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/236/49https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/236/49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/236/49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/236/49GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/236/49/table1 (64 Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) in the Second Quadrant)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true331.250333351.55324720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/236/49/clumps (Observed and derived parameters of extracted CO clumps (tables 2 and 3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/clumps?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/clumps?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/clumps?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true331.231400851.52024860.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/236/49/cores (Observed and derived parameters of extracted 850um cores (tables 4 and 5))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/cores?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/cores?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/236/49/cores?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true331.285385851.57798920.0055555555555555566/1330 1344 1346 1352 1460 1788 1791 1812 1814 1825 1846 1847 1851 1935 1946 1957 1959 1964 1968 3035 3156 3157 3188 3255 3330 3331 3336 3353 3355 3375 3458 3459 3465 3625 3627 3628 3630 3634 3635 3645 3716 3745 3747 3748 3749 3849 3850 3873 14069 14207 14306 15739 15812 15816 15825 15827 24474 24478 24487 24492 24493 24501 24502 24503 24508 24522 245262.3390025583187276e-22 2.3390025583187276e-22https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/236/49?format=asciiRadioMillimeterInfrareddefaultJ/ApJS/236/49/table164 Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) in the Second QuadrantrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPLCKECCPlanck Early Cold Cores Catalog Name, GLLL.ll-BBB.bb (Cat. VIII/88)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000[0/23] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/71] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDist[0.4/5] Distance (1)kpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloate_Dist[0.02/0.7] Uncertainty in Dist (1)kpcstat.errorfloatProb[0.3/1] Distance probability (1)pos.distance;stat.probabilityfloatNclNumber of CO clumps for this sourcemeta.numberintnullableNcNumber of 850um cores for this sourcemeta.numberintnullableFig2Integrated-intensity maps of the C^18^O emission of each source with overlaid contours of the ^13^CO line. The white ellipses indicate the extracted ^13^CO clumps.meta.ref.urlcharFig4WISE 12um emission for each Planck Galactic cold clump with overlaid ^13^CO contours.meta.ref.urlcharFig5WISE 22um emission for each Planck Galactic cold clump with overlaid ^13^CO contours.meta.ref.urlcharFig6SCUBA-2 850um emission for each Planck Galactic cold clump with overlaid ^13^CO contours.meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/236/49/clumpsObserved and derived parameters of extracted CO clumps (tables 2 and 3)tau13CO[0.2/8]? ^13^CO optical depth (2)phys.absorption.opticalDepthfloatnullablee_tau13CO[0.05/3]? Uncertainty in tau13COstat.errorfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPLCKECCPlanck Early Cold Cores Catalog Name, GLLL.ll-BBB.bb (Cat. VIII/88)meta.id.part;meta.maincharSeq[1/18] ^13^CO clump (table 2) or SCUBA 850um core (table 4) number in the PLCKECCmeta.id.part;meta.mainintOffRA[-423/417] Offset from PLCKECC center (in Table 1)arcsecpos.eq.ra;arith.difffloatOffDE[-428/413] Offset from PLCKECC center (in Table 1)arcsecpos.eq.dec;arith.difffloatV13CO[-51.1/5.7]? ^13^CO LSR velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;em.line.COfloatnullablee_V13CO[0/0.3]? Uncertainty in V13COkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableW13CO[0.3/6]? ^13^CO Gaussian line-widthkm/sspect.line.width;em.line.COfloatnullablee_W13CO[0.01/0.7]? Uncertainty in W13COkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableP13CO[0.5/8.3]? ^13^CO main beam brightness temperatureKspect.line.intensity;em.line.CO;meta.mainfloatnullablee_P13CO[0.07/0.8]? Uncertainty in P13COKstat.errorfloatnullableVC18O[-51.1/6]? C^18^O LSR velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VC18O[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in VC18Okm/sstat.errorfloatnullableWC18O[0.3/4.2]? C^18^O Gaussian line-width (1)km/sspect.line.width;em.line.COfloatnullablee_WC18O[0.02/0.7]? Uncertainty in WC18Okm/sstat.errorfloatnullablePC18O[0.2/2.3]? C^18^O main beam brightness temperatureKphys.temperature;meta.mainfloatnullablee_PC18O[0.04/0.4]? Uncertainty in PC18OKstat.errorfloatnullableTex13CO[2/50]? Excitation temperature, 13CO (3)Kspect.line.intensity;em.line.CO;spect.linefloatnullablee_Tex13CO[0.2/15]? Uncertainty in Tex13COKstat.errorfloatnullableFWHM[52/385] Extracted clump size (G1)arcsecphys.angSizefloatReff[0.09/3.3] Clump effective radius (G2)pcphys.size.radiusfloatsigC18O[0.1/1.8]? 1 dimensional linewidth, C18Okm/sspect.line.width;em.line.COfloatnullablee_sigC18O[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in sigC18Okm/sstat.errorfloatnullableNH2[2.3/68.3]? Molecular hydrogen column density from ^13^CO1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NH2[0.2/12.6]? Uncertainty in nH21e+21cm**-2stat.error;phys.columnDensityfloatnullablen[0.5/116.2]? Number density from 13CO1000cm**-3meta.number;phys.densityfloatnullablee_n[0.1/25.8]? Uncertainty in n1000cm**-3stat.errorfloatnullableD[0.01/0.8]? Mass column density from 13COg.cm**-2phys.columnDensity;phys.massfloatnullablee_D[0.001/0.2]? Uncertainty in Dg.cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullableMH2[5.6/6132]? Mass in molecular hydrogen from ^13^COsolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_MH2[0.5/961]? Uncertainty in MH2solMassstat.errorfloatnullableMvir[4.4/899]? Virial MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mvir[0.6/115.4]? Uncertainty in MvirsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableaVir[0.04/3.1]? Virial parameterphys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_aVir[0.01/1]? Uncertainty in aVirstat.errorfloatnullable_RAPositions computed from PLCKECC center in table 1 and offsets (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions computed from PLCKECC center in table 1 and offsets (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/236/49/coresObserved and derived parameters of extracted 850um cores (tables 4 and 5)e_V13CO[0/0.3]? Uncertainty in V13COkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPLCKECCPlanck Early Cold Cores Catalog Name, GLLL.ll-BBB.bb (Cat. VIII/88)meta.id.part;meta.maincharSeq[1/18] ^13^CO clump (table 2) or SCUBA 850um core (table 4) number in the PLCKECCmeta.id.part;meta.mainintOffRA[-423/417] Offset from PLCKECC center (in Table 1)arcsecpos.eq.ra;arith.difffloatOffDE[-428/413] Offset from PLCKECC center (in Table 1)arcsecpos.eq.dec;arith.difffloatV13CO[-51.1/5.7]? ^13^CO LSR velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;em.line.COfloatnullableW13CO[0.3/6]? ^13^CO Gaussian line-widthkm/sspect.line.width;em.line.COfloatnullablee_W13CO[0.01/0.7]? Uncertainty in W13COkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableP13CO[0.5/8.3]? ^13^CO main beam brightness temperatureKspect.line.intensity;em.line.CO;meta.mainfloatnullablee_P13CO[0.07/0.8]? Uncertainty in P13COKstat.errorfloatnullableVC18O[-51.1/6]? C^18^O LSR velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VC18O[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in VC18Okm/sstat.errorfloatnullableWC18O[0.3/4.2]? C^18^O Gaussian line-width (1)km/sspect.line.width;em.line.COfloatnullablee_WC18O[0.02/0.7]? Uncertainty in WC18Okm/sstat.errorfloatnullablePC18O[0.2/2.3]? C^18^O main beam brightness temperatureKphys.temperature;meta.mainfloatnullablee_PC18O[0.04/0.4]? Uncertainty in PC18OKstat.errorfloatnullabletau13CO[0.2/8]? ^13^CO optical depth (2)phys.absorption.opticalDepthfloatnullablee_tau13CO[0.05/3]? Uncertainty in tau13COstat.errorfloatnullableTex13CO[2/50]? Excitation temperature, 13CO (3)Kspect.line.intensity;em.line.CO;spect.linefloatnullablee_Tex13CO[0.2/15]? Uncertainty in Tex13COKstat.errorfloatnullableFWHM[14/39.2] Extracted core size (G1)arcsecphys.angSizefloatReff[0.02/0.5] Core effective radius (G2)pcphys.size.radiusfloatsigC18O[0.1/1.6]? 1 dimensional linewidth, C^18^Okm/sspect.line.width;em.line.COfloatnullablee_sigC18O[0.03/0.3]? Uncertainty in sigC18Okm/sstat.errorfloatnullableS850[0.1/10.5] Peak 850um Flux DensityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatNH2[0.1/31.3] Molecular hydrogen column density from S850um1e+22cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloate_NH2[0/2.3] Uncertainty in NH21e+22cm**-2stat.error;phys.columnDensityfloatn[1.8/408.2] Number density from S850um10000cm**-3meta.number;phys.densityfloate_n[0.2/137] Uncertainty in n10000cm**-3stat.errorfloatD[0.03/2.3] Mass column density from S850umg.cm**-2phys.columnDensity;phys.massfloate_D[0.004/0.8] Uncertainty in Dg.cm**-2stat.errorfloatMH2[0.1/311] Mass in molecular hydrogen from S850umsolMassphys.massfloate_MH2[0/36] Uncertainty in MH2solMassstat.errorfloataVir[0.1/17]? Virial parameterphys.mass;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_aVir[0.02/8]? Uncertainty in aVirstat.errorfloatnullableIR?[yes/no ] IR Source in the ALLWISE data (cat. II/328)meta.codechar_RAPositions computed from PLCKECC center in table 1 and offsets (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions computed from PLCKECC center in table 1 and offsets (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main