J/ApJS/235/3ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/235/3doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22350003CDSYang A.Y.Thompson M.A.Urquhart J.S.Tian W.W.2018-09-10T08:24:50Z2018-08-23T05:59:38ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediummillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyco-line-emissionWe have undertaken the largest survey for outflows within the Galactic plane using simultaneously observed ^13^CO and C^18^O data. Out of a total of 919 ATLASGAL clumps, 328 have data suitable to identify outflows, and 228 (69%+/-3%) show high-velocity outflows. The clumps with detected outflows show significantly higher clump masses (M_clump_), bolometric luminosities (L_bol_), luminosity-to-mass ratios (L_bol_/M_clump_), and peak H_2_ column densities (N_H2_) compared to those without outflows. Outflow activity has been detected within the youngest quiescent clump (i.e., 70{mu}m weak) in this sample, and we find that the outflow detection rate increases with M_clump_, L_bol_, L_bol_/M_clump_, and N_H2_, approaching 90% in some cases (UC HII regions = 93%+/-3%; masers = 86%+/-4%; HC HII regions = 100%). This high detection rate suggests that outflows are ubiquitous phenomena of massive star formation (MSF). The mean outflow mass entrainment rate implies a mean accretion rate of ~10^-4^M_{sun}_/yr, in full agreement with the accretion rate predicted by theoretical models of MSF. Outflow properties are tightly correlated with M_clump_, L_bol_, and L_bol_/M_clump_ and show the strongest relation with the bolometric clump luminosity. This suggests that outflows might be driven by the most massive and luminous source within the clump. The correlations are similar for both low-mass and high-mass outflows over 7 orders of magnitude, indicating that they may share a similar outflow mechanism. Outflow energy is comparable to the turbulent energy within the clump; however, we find no evidence that outflows increase the level of clump turbulence as the clumps evolve. This implies that the origin of turbulence within clumps is fixed before the onset of star formation.2018ApJS..235....3Yhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/235/3CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/428/693 : Rosette Nebula and Maddalena Cloud structures (Williams+ 1994)J/A+A/417/615 : Maser and outflows in UC HII region (Codella+, 2004)J/A+A/426/503 : High velocity molecular outflows (Update) (Wu+ 2004)J/AJ/131/2525 : MAGPIS 20cm survey (Helfand+, 2006)J/A+A/453/1003 : SCUBA ultracompact HII regions (Thompson+, 2006)J/A+A/472/187 : 12CO outflows towards submm cores in Perseus (Hatchell+, 2007)J/ApJS/184/1 : Molecular clouds in the LMC by NANTEN. II. (Kawamura+, 2009)J/ApJ/723/1019 : Galactic SFR and gas surface densities (Heiderman+, 2010)J/MNRAS/418/1689 : Red MSX water maser and ammonia emissions (Urquhart+, 2011)J/A+A/549/A45 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 330<l<21 (Contreras+, 2013)J/A+A/557/A94 : SiO and HCO+ massive molecular outflows (Sanchez-Monge+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/400 : ATLASGAL compact HII regions (Urquhart+, 2013)J/MNRAS/444/566 : Methanol maser associated outflows (de Villiers+, 2014)J/A+A/568/A41 : ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 280<l<60 (Urquhart+, 2014)J/A+A/570/A65 : ATLASGAL massive clumps CO depletion (Giannetti+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/1555 : ATLASGAL massive star forming clumps (Urquhart+, 2014)J/MNRAS/453/645 : Massive molecular outflows distance-limited sampleJ/MNRAS/446/3461 : 6.7-GHz methanol masers-dust associations (Urquhart+, 2015)J/AJ/152/92 : Ammonia & CO outflow around methanol masers (Li+, 2016)J/A+A/599/A139 : ATLASGAL massive clumps dust characterization (Koenig+, 2017)J/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Galactic clumps (Urquhart+, 2018)J/A+A/611/A6 : ATLASGAL massive clumps H_2_CO data (Tang+, 2018)http://doi.org/10.11570/16.0001 : CHIMPS landing pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/235/3https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/235/3http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/235/3https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/235/3https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/235/3http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/235/3GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/235/3/table2 (Clump properties of all 328 ATLASGAL clumps to search for outflows; updated version by the author)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/235/3/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/235/3/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/235/3/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true280.45625-4.554220.0055555555555555565/7578 7605 6/30245 30247 30256 30258 30259 30262 30263 30268 30269 30318 30319 30330 30405 30416 30417 30594 30595 30601 30604 30605 30616 30618 30619 30622 30623 30644 30645https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/235/3?format=asciiMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/ApJS/235/3/table2Clump properties of all 328 ATLASGAL clumps to search for outflows; updated version by the authorrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALATLASGAL identifier (GLLL.lll+BB.bbb) (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryLDisplay the ^13^CO outflow properties for the lobes (table 4)meta.ref.urlcharWDisplay the ^13^CO outflow calculations for the wings (table 3)meta.ref.urlintnullableGLON[27.7/46.2] Galactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-0.5/0.5] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latFint[0.9/320] Integrated flux density at 870 micronsJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatDist[0.3/13.1]? Heliocentric distancekpcpos.distancefloatnullablelogNH2[21.7/24]? Log peak H_2_ column density (1)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatnullablelogLb[0.5/7]? Log bolometric luminosity (1)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogMc[-0.3/5]? Log clump mass (1)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableU18Display data from Urquhart+, 2018, J/MNRAS/473/1059meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/ApJS/235/3/table3The ^13^CO outflow calculations of all blue and red wingsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALATLASGAL identifier (G1)meta.id;meta.mainchar13COVel[6.3/116.2] Observed peak ^13^CO velocitykm/sphys.veloc;stat.maxfloat13COTmb[2/30.6] Antenna temperature of ^13^CO (1)Kphot.antennaTemp;em.line.CO;spect.linefloat18COVel[6.8/116] Observed peak C^18^O velocitykm/sphys.veloc;stat.maxfloat18COTmb[0.9/14.4] Antenna temperature of C^18^O (1)Kphot.antennaTempfloatloDelVb[-2.2/113.4]? Lower velocity range of ^13^CO blue wingkm/sphys.veloc;stat.minfloatnullableupDelVb[-0.2/116]? Upper velocity range of ^13^CO blue wingkm/sphys.veloc;stat.maxfloatnullableloDelVr[9.8/118]? Lower velocity range of ^13^CO red wingkm/sphys.veloc;stat.minfloatnullableupDelVr[10.8/118.4]? Upper velocity range of ^13^CO red wingkm/sphys.veloc;stat.maxfloatnullableVmaxb[1.2/17]? Maximum projected velocity for blue (2)km/sphys.veloc;stat.maxfloatnullableVmaxr[0.3/17.6]? Maximum projected velocity for red (2)km/sphys.veloc;stat.maxfloatnullableJ/ApJS/235/3/table4The ^13^CO outflow properties of all blue and red lobesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAGALATLASGAL identifier (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharlb[0.1/2.8] Blue lobe lengthpcpos.distance;phys.sizefloatlr[0.2/3] Red lobe lengthpcpos.distance;phys.sizefloatMb[0.5/1145.1] Blue lobe masssolMassphys.massfloatMr[0.9/950.3] Red lobe masssolMassphys.massfloatMout[1.4/2065.3] Total Blue+Red lobe masssolMassphys.massfloatp[0.6/2964.6] Momentum10solMass.km/sarith.factor;phys.mass.lossfloatE[0.02/786.4] Energy1e+39Jphys.energyfloattd[2.5/89] Dynamic time10000yrtime.epochfloatdM/dt[0.08/172.3] Mass entrainment rate0.0001solMass.yr**-1arith.rate;phys.mass.lossfloatFCO[0.04/225.2] CO mechanical force0.001solMass.km.s**-1.yr**-1arith.factor;phys.mass.lossfloatLCO[0.01/502.8] CO mechanical luminositysolLumphys.luminosity;em.line.COfloat