J/ApJS/226/7ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/226/7doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22260007CDSCrossfield I.J.M.Ciardi D.R.Petigura E.A.Sinukoff E.Schlieder J.E.,Howard A.W.Beichman C.A.Isaacson H.Dressing C.D.Christiansen J.L.,Fulton B.J.Lepine S.Weiss L.Hirsch L.Livingston J.Baranec C.,Law N.M.Riddle R.Ziegler C.Howell S.B.Horch E.Everett M.,Teske J.Martinez A.O.Obermeier C.Benneke B.Scott N.Deacon N.,Aller K.M.Hansen B.M.S.Mancini L.Ciceri S.Brahm R.Jordan A.,Knutson H.A.Henning T.Bonnefoy M.Liu M.C.Crepp J.R.Lothringer J.,Hinz P.Bailey V.Skemer A.Defrere D.2018-09-14T14:09:27Z2016-11-28T15:53:18ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starssolar-system-planetsradial-velocitystellar-radiistellar-massesWe present 197 planet candidates discovered using data from the first year of the NASA K2 mission (Campaigns 0-4), along with the results of an intensive program of photometric analyses, stellar spectroscopy, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation. We distill these candidates into sets of 104 validated planets (57 in multi-planet systems), 30 false positives, and 63 remaining candidates. Our validated systems span a range of properties, with median values of R_P_=2.3R_{Earth}_, P=8.6 days, Teff=5300K, and Kp=12.7mag. Stellar spectroscopy provides precise stellar and planetary parameters for most of these systems. We show that K2 has increased by 30% the number of small planets known to orbit moderately bright stars (1-4R_{Earth}_, Kp=9-13mag). Of particular interest are 76 planets smaller than 2R_{Earth}_, 15 orbiting stars brighter than Kp=11.5mag, 5 receiving Earth-like irradiation levels, and several multi-planet systems-including 4 planets orbiting the M dwarf K2-72 near mean-motion resonances. By quantifying the likelihood that each candidate is a planet we demonstrate that our candidate sample has an overall false positive rate of 15%-30%, with rates substantially lower for small candidates (<2R_{Earth}_) and larger for candidates with radii >8R_{Earth}_ and/or with P<3days. Extrapolation of the current planetary yield suggests that K2 will discover between 500 and 1000 planets in its planned four-year mission, assuming sufficient follow-up resources are available. Efficient observing and analysis, together with an organized and coherent follow-up strategy, are essential for maximizing the efficacy of planet-validation efforts for K2, TESS, and future large-scale surveys.2016ApJS..226....7Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/226/7CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/594/A50 : K2-30 b and K2-34 b K2 light curves (Lillo-Box+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/12 : Kepler planetary candidates. VII. 48-month (Coughlin+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/2 : K2 EPIC stellar properties for 138600 targets (Huber+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive proba. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/A+A/587/A64 : Physical properties of giant exoplanets (Santerne+, 2016)J/MNRAS/456/2260 : K2 Variability Catalogue II (Armstrong+, 2016)J/ApJS/222/14 : Planetary candidates from 1st yr K2 mission (Vanderburg+, 2016)J/ApJ/814/130 : Planet occurrence rates calculated for KOIs (Mulders+, 2015)J/MNRAS/452/3561 : Kepler EB stars. K2 Campaign 0 (LaCourse+, 2015)J/A+A/582/A33 : K2-19b light curve (Armstrong+, 2015)J/ApJ/810/95 : Kepler pipeline S/N studies II. 2011 data (Christiansen+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Potentially habitable planets around M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/A+A/577/A132 : Stellar parameters of early M dwarfs (Maldonado+, 2015)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJ/770/69 : Kepler planet candidates radii (Petigura+, 2013)J/ApJ/757/161 : Spectroscopy of 56 exoplanet host stars (Torres+, 2012)J/ApJ/757/112 : Stellar diameters. II. K and M-stars (Boyajian+, 2012)J/AJ/144/42 : Infrared photometry of 90 KOIs (Adams+, 2012)J/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)http://archive.stsci.edu/k2/catalogs.html : MAST K2 catalogshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/226/7https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/226/7http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/226/7https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/226/7https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/226/7http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/226/7GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/226/7/table10 (High-resolution imaging)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table10?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table10?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table10?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true176.6657208-5.17191390.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/226/7/table3 (HIRES follow-up observations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true174.0116292-2.52088060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/226/7/table4 (FEROS radial velocities)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true239.8792083-26.60436670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/226/7/table5 (HRI-detected stellar companions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true169.1502042-4.65654720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/226/7/table7 (Stellar parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/226/7/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true176.6657208-5.17191390.0055555555555555566/267 269 270 273 275 282 283 284 285 286 313 318 328 329 339 340 346 353 354 374 376 377 397 404 405 437 449 464 471 476 485 1064 1066 4687 4716 4875 17082 18435 18450 18451 18453 18459 18462 18470 18473 18477 18478 18496 18510 18532 18536 18539 18542 18560 18565 18566 18567 18569 18572 18574 18578 18580 18585 18586 18588 18608 18615 18628 18637 18638 18643 18663 23485 23523 23860 23862 23907 23936 23948 23953 23954 23982 23987 23997 24002 24010 24039 24051 24056 24057 24327 24340 24341 24342 24344 24389 25577 25581 26906 26928 26932 26935 26940 26944 26953 26959 26961 26969 26975 26976 26977 26986 26990 26991 26992 26994 26999 27001 27005 27006 27025 27029 27075 27076 27078 27079 27084 27085 27121 27657 27658 27681 27684 27690 27704 27777 27780 27786 27787 27788 27810 29226 29346 29349 29352 29354 29360 30734 30752 42879 42910 42933 42939 42944 42947 42965 42967 42978 42979 42980 42981 42984 42986 42987 42989 44317 44361 44370 44378 44384 48501 48596 48597 48599https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/226/7?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJS/226/7/table10High-resolution imagingAllDisplay all data in this catalog for this EPIC starmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEPICEcliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) number for K2meta.id;meta.mainlongNpNumber of planet candidates (table 8)meta.ref.urlintFiltFilter (J, K, LP600, 692 or 880)meta.id;instr.filtercharTint[7.5/2141] Integration Timestime.epochfloatInstInstrument (NIRC2, NIRI, PHARO, DSSI, Robo-AO, LMIRCam or GNIRS)meta.id;instrcharKCatDisplay data from Vanderburg+, 2016, J/ApJS/222/14 and Barros+, 2016, J/A+A/594/A100, within 0.5"meta.ref.urlintnullableH16Display data from Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2, if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/226/7/table3HIRES follow-up observationsFlagFlag (1)meta.code.errorintNoteNotes on Objectmeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEPICEcliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) number for K2meta.id;meta.mainlongNpNumber of planet candidates (table 8)meta.ref.urlintKCatDisplay data from Vanderburg+, 2016, J/ApJS/222/14 and Barros+, 2016, J/A+A/594/A100, within 0.5"meta.ref.urlintnullableH16Display data from Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2, if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableAllDisplay all data in this catalog for this EPIC starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/226/7/table4FEROS radial velocitiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEPICEcliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) number for K2meta.id;meta.mainlongNpNumber of planet candidates (table 8)meta.ref.urlintBJDBarycentric Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleRV[-130.2/93.4] Radial Velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RV[0.01/7] Uncertainty in RVkm/sstat.errorfloatTint[420/1800] Integration timestime.epochintS/N[3/97] Signal-to-noise of spectrastat.snrintKCatDisplay data from Vanderburg+, 2016, J/ApJS/222/14 and Barros+, 2016, J/A+A/594/A100, within 0.5"meta.ref.urlintnullableH16Display data from Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2, if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableAllDisplay all data in this catalog for this EPIC starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/226/7/table5HRI-detected stellar companionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEPICEcliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) number for K2meta.id;meta.mainlongNpNumber of planet candidates (table 8)meta.ref.urlintAper[5.5/20]? Aperture radius used for photometryarcsecphys.angSizefloatnullablerho[0.06/18.5] Stellar companion separationarcsecpos.angDistance;src.orbitalfloatdmag[-2.2/9.6] Target/Companion magnitude differencemagphot.mag;arith.difffloatFilt[Kabi] Filter (76 "K", 23 "i", 3 "b" and 2 "a")meta.id;instr.filtercharTelTelescope (GemN-NIRI, GemN-Spk, GemS-GNIRS, Keck2, LBT, Palomar or Robo-AO)meta.id;instr.telcharKCatDisplay data from Vanderburg+, 2016, J/ApJS/222/14 and Barros+, 2016, J/A+A/594/A100, within 0.5"meta.ref.urlintnullableH16Display data from Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2, if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableAllDisplay all data in this catalog for this EPIC starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/226/7/table7Stellar parametersMstar[0.15/1.8] Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEPICEcliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) number for K2meta.id;meta.mainlongNpNumber of planet candidates (table 8)meta.ref.urlintKpmag[8.7/18.7] Kp magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatRstar[0.1/10] Stellar radius (1)solRadphys.size.radiusfloate_Rstar[0.007/4] Uncertainty in Rstar (1)solRadstat.errorfloate_Mstar[0.007/0.4] Uncertainty in MstarsolMassstat.errorfloatTeff[3252/7747] Stellar effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[0/787] Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlogg[2.3/5.2] log10 surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_logg[0.004/1] Uncertainty in logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errordoubleRefSource (2)meta.bibintKCatDisplay data from Vanderburg+, 2016, J/ApJS/222/14 and Barros+, 2016, J/A+A/594/A100, within 0.5"meta.ref.urlintnullableH16Display data from Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2, if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableAllDisplay all data in this catalog for this EPIC starmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from K2 catalog of Huber+, 2016, J/ApJS/224/2 or from K2 EPIC (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJS/226/7/table8Planet candidate parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKeplerKepler Planet Namemeta.idcharEPICEcliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) number for K2meta.id;meta.maindoubleprimaryUUnvalidated candidate (link to false positive likelihoods)meta.ref.urlcharPer[0.36/80] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_Per[0/0.02] Uncertainty in Perioddstat.errordoubleT0T0, BJD_TDB_-2454833dtime.epochdoublee_T0Uncertainty in T0, BJD_TDB_-2454833dstat.errordoubleT14[0/15.1] T14 timehtime.epochfloate_T14[0/2.4] Uncertainty in T14hstat.errorfloatRp/R*[1/76] Ratio Planet to Star radius, Rp/R*phys.size;arith.ratiofloate_Rp/R*[0.03/35] Uncertainty in Rp/R*stat.errorfloata[0.01/0.3] Orbital semi-major axisAUphys.size.smajAxisdoublee_a[0/0.02] Uncertainty in aAUstat.errordoubleRp[0.6/256] Planet Radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0/101] Uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatSinc[0.7/56139] Incident irradiation (S_inc_)Earthphot.flux;arith.ratiodoublee_Sinc[0.2/15807] Uncertainty in SincEarthstat.errordoubleFPPFalse Positive Probabilitystat.fit.goodnessdoubleDispDisposition (110 "Planet", 62 "Candidate" and 25 "False Positive")src.classcharFlag? Disposition flag (1)meta.code.errorintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/226/7/table9Unvalidated candidate false positive likelihoodsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEPICTargetmeta.id;meta.maindoubleLheb[0/5.3] Vespa (2015ascl.soft03011M) likelihood, hierarchical eclipsing binary at orbital periodstat.likelihooddoubleLheb-Px2[0/5.2] Vespa (2015ascl.soft03011M) likelihood, hierarchical eclipsing binary at twice orbital periodstat.likelihooddoubleLebVespa (2015ascl.soft03011M) likelihood, eclipsing binary at orbital periodstat.likelihoodcharLeb-Px2Vespa (2015ascl.soft03011M) likelihood, eclipsing binary at twice orbital periodstat.likelihoodcharLbeb[0/1.3] Vespa (2015ascl.soft03011M) likelihood, background eclipsing binary at orbital periodstat.likelihooddoubleLbeb-Px2[0/5.6] Vespa (2015ascl.soft03011M) likelihood, background eclipsing binary at twice orbital periodstat.likelihooddoubleLpl[0/36] Vespa (2015ascl.soft03011M) likelihood, planetstat.likelihooddoubleFPPFalse Positive Probabilitystat.fit.goodnessdouble