J/ApJS/224/5ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/224/5doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.22240005CDSFurlan E.Fischer W.J.Ali B.Stutz A.M.Stanke T.Tobin J.J.,Megeath S.T.Osorio M.Hartmann L.Calvet N.Poteet C.A.Booker J.,Manoj P.Watson D.M.Allen L.2018-04-03T15:11:44Z2016-07-22T08:17:53ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsspectral-energy-distributioninfrared-photometrymillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomysurveysWe present key results from the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS): spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and model fits of 330 young stellar objects, predominantly protostars, in the Orion molecular clouds. This is the largest sample of protostars studied in a single, nearby star formation complex. With near-infrared photometry from 2MASS, mid- and far-infrared data from Spitzer and Herschel, and submillimeter photometry from APEX, our SEDs cover 1.2-870{mu}m and sample the peak of the protostellar envelope emission at ~100{mu}m. Using mid-IR spectral indices and bolometric temperatures, we classify our sample into 92 Class 0 protostars, 125 Class I protostars, 102 flat-spectrum sources, and 11 Class II pre-main-sequence stars. We implement a simple protostellar model (including a disk in an infalling envelope with outflow cavities) to generate a grid of 30400 model SEDs and use it to determine the best-fit model parameters for each protostar. We argue that far-IR data are essential for accurate constraints on protostellar envelope properties. We find that most protostars, and in particular the flat-spectrum sources, are well fit. The median envelope density and median inclination angle decrease from Class 0 to Class I to flat-spectrum protostars, despite the broad range in best-fit parameters in each of the three categories. We also discuss degeneracies in our model parameters. Our results confirm that the different protostellar classes generally correspond to an evolutionary sequence with a decreasing envelope infall rate, but the inclination angle also plays a role in the appearance, and thus interpretation, of the SEDs.2016ApJS..224....5Fhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJS/224/5CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)J/ApJ/821/52 : NIR survey of Spitzer YSOs in Orion (Kounkel+, 2016)J/ApJ/818/59 : IN-SYNC. IV. YSOs in Orion A (Da Rio+, 2016)J/ApJ/817/167 : JCMT Gould Belt Survey: dense cores in Orion B (Kirk+, 2016)J/A+A/566/A45 : Orion optical-depth and column-density maps (Lombardi+, 2014)J/ApJ/769/149 : IR spectroscopy in Orion A: transitional disks (Kim+, 2013)J/ApJ/768/99 : X-ray survey of YSOs in Orion A (Pillitteri+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)J/AJ/145/94 : Luminosities of protostars from Spitzer (Dunham+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/28 : H{alpha} survey in the ONC (Szegedi-Elek+, 2013)J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A and B. I. YSOs (Megeath+, 2012)J/AJ/144/31 : Spitzer+2MASS photom. of protostar cand. (Kryukova+, 2012)J/ApJ/733/50 : ONC MIR photometric monitoring (Morales-Calderon+, 2011)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/ApJ/693/L81 : Extinction in star-forming regions (McClure, 2009)J/ApJ/677/401 : Xray properties of protostars in ONC (Prisinzano+, 2008)J/ApJS/179/249 : Low-luminosity embedded protostar population (Dunham+, 2008)J/A+A/392/239 : IR survey of outflows in Orion A (Stanke+, 2002)J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/224/5https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/224/5http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJS/224/5https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/224/5https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/224/5http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJS/224/5GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJS/224/5/table1 (Classification and best-fit model parameters for the HOPS YSOs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true88.55141.70990.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/224/5/table8 (Likely extragalactic contaminants in the HOPS sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table8?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table8?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table8?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true84.0421-5.83560.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/224/5/table7 (YSOs in the HOPS with no PACS data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true88.61711.62640.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJS/224/5/table9 (Targets in the HOPS with uncertain nature)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table9?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table9?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJS/224/5/table9?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true83.8592-5.14260.0055555555555555566/21403 21425 21427 21428 21430 21433 21435 21436 21438 21439 22804 22805 22854 22855 22861 22873 22876 235609.699422546568423e-22 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJS/224/5?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefaultJ/ApJS/224/5/table1Classification and best-fit model parameters for the HOPS YSOsR[0.2/15.1] Best-fit R value (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatInc[18/87] Best-fit inclination angledegsrc.orbital.inclination;meta.modelledintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[1/409] Identifier of the HOPS targetmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension in degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainClassSED class (0, I, II or "flat"=flat-spectrum)src.classcharLbol[0.02/1478] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatTbol[23/1250] Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatn[-0.8/2.7]? 4.5-24 micron spectral indexspect.indexfloatnullableLtot[0.06/607] Best-fit total luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatRdisk[5/500] Best-fit disk (=centrifugal) radiusAUphys.size.radiusintrho1000Best-fit reference density at 1000AUg.cm**-3meta.ref;phys.density;meta.modelleddoubleMenv[0/7.2] Best-fit envelope mass within 2500AUsolMassphys.massdoubletheta[5/45] Best-fit cavity opening angledegpos.posAng;meta.modelledintAv[0/120.3] Best-fit foreground extinction in the V-bandmagphys.absorption;em.opt.VfloatScf[0.5/2] Best-fit scaling factor; for model fluxesarith.factorfloatPCatLink to protostars catalogs Megeath+, 2012 (J/AJ/144/192) and Stutz+, 2013, J/ApJ/767/36, within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullable2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cutri+ 2003, II/246) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/224/5/table2SED data (photometry and IRS spectra) for the HOPS targetse_F870[0/2]? Uncertainty in F870Jystat.errordoublenullablee_F350[0.07/25]? Uncertainty in F350Jystat.errordoublenullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[0/409] Identifier of the HOPS targetmeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryf_HOPS[d] Flag on HOPS (1)meta.codecharFJ[0/0.32]? 2MASS J-band flux (2)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Jdoublenullablee_FJ[0/0.007]? Uncertainty in FJJystat.errordoublenullablef_FJ[1,3] Flag on FJ (3)meta.codeintFH[0/2.1]? 2MASS H-band flux (2)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Hdoublenullablee_FH[0/0.06]? Uncertainty in FHJystat.errordoublenullablef_FH[1,3] Flag on FH (3)meta.codeintFKs[0/5.8]? 2MASS Ks-band flux (2)Jyphot.mag;em.IR.Kdoublenullablee_FKs[0/0.1]? Uncertainty in FKsJystat.errordoublenullablef_FKs[1,3] Flg on FKs (3)meta.codeintF3.6[0/1.4]?=0 Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band flux (2)Jyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullablee_F3.6[0/0.07]? Uncertainty in F3.6Jystat.errordoublenullablef_F3.6[1/3] Flag on F3.6 (3)meta.codeintF4.5[0/3]?=0 Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron band flux (2)Jyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullablee_F4.5[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in 4.5FluxJystat.errordoublenullablef_F4.5[1/3] Flag on 4.5Flux (3)meta.codeintF5.8[0/16.2]?=0 Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band flux (2)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullablee_F5.8[0/0.9]? Uncertainty in 5.8FluxJystat.errordoublenullablef_F5.8[1/3] Flag on 5.8Flux (3)meta.codeintF8.0[0/6]?=0 Spitzer/IRAC 8.0 micron band flux (2)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umdoublenullablee_F8.0[0/0.3]? Uncertainty in F8.0Jystat.errordoublenullablef_F8.0[1/3] Flag on F8.0 (3)meta.codeintF24[0/85]?=0 Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron band flux (2)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullablee_F24[0/17]? Uncertainty in F24Jystat.errordoublenullablef_F24[1/3] Flag on F24 (3)meta.codeintF70[0.008/1001]?=0 Herschel/PACS 70 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublenullablee_F70[0.001/51]? Uncertainty in F70Jystat.errordoublenullablef_F70[0/3]? Flag on F70 (3)meta.codeintnullableF100[0.06/1084]?=0 Herschel/PACS 100 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umdoublenullablee_F100[0.009/57]? Uncertainty in F100Jystat.errordoublenullablef_F100[0/3]? Flag on F100 (3)meta.codeintnullableF160[0.03/1153]?=0 Herschel/PACS 160 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublenullablee_F160[0.004/59]? Uncertainty in F160Jystat.errordoublenullablef_F160[0/3]? Flag on F160 (3)meta.codeintnullableF350[0.1/62]?=0 APEX/SABOCA 350 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablef_F350[0/2]? FLag on F350 (3)meta.codeintnullableF870[0/9]?=0 APEX/LABOCA 870 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzdoublenullablef_F870[0/2]? Flag on F870 (3)meta.codeintnullableF5.4[0/4.3]? Spitzer/IRS 5.4 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F5.4[0/0.3]? Uncertainty in F5.4Jystat.errordoublenullableF6.45[0/4.6]? Spitzer/IRS 6.45 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F6.45[0/0.06]? Uncertainty in F6.45Jystat.errordoublenullableF7.5[0/4.9]? Spitzer/IRS 7.5 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F7.5[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in F7.5Jystat.errordoublenullableF8.1[0/5.1]? Spitzer/IRS 8.1 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F8.1[0/0.08]? Uncertainty in F8.1Jystat.errordoublenullableF8.6[0/5.1]? Spitzer/IRS 8.6 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F8.6[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in F8.6Jystat.errordoublenullableF9.2[0/4.9]? Spitzer/IRS 9.2 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F9.2[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in F9.2Jystat.errordoublenullableF9.8[0/4.9]? Spitzer/IRS 9.8 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F9.8[0/0.09]? Uncertainty in F9.8Jystat.errordoublenullableF10.5[0/33.3]? Spitzer/IRS 10.5 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F10.5[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in F10.5Jystat.errordoublenullableF12.5[0/41.2]? Spitzer/IRS 12.5 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F12.5[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in F12.5Jystat.errordoublenullableF14.0[0/48]? Spitzer/IRS 14.0 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F14.0[0/1]? Uncertainty in F14.0Jystat.errordoublenullableF16.5[0/57]? Spitzer/IRS 16.5 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F16.5[0/1.1]? Uncertainty in F16.5Jystat.errordoublenullableF19.0[0/70]? Spitzer/IRS 19.0 micron fluxJyphot.fluxdoublenullablee_F19.0[0/2]? Uncertainty in F19.0Jystat.errordoublenullableF23.0[0/89]? Spitzer/IRS 23.0 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullablee_F23.0[0/2]? Uncertainty in F23.0Jystat.errordoublenullableF27.0[0/105]? Spitzer/IRS 27.0 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullablee_F27.0[0/4]? Uncertainty in F27.0Jystat.errordoublenullableF31.0[0/116]? Spitzer/IRS 31.0 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullablee_F31.0[0/7]? Uncertainty in F31.0Jystat.errordoublenullableF35.0[0/130]? Spitzer/IRS 35.0 micron fluxJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublenullablee_F35.0[0/10]? Uncertainty in F35.0Jystat.errordoublenullableScf[0/7] IRS scaling factor (4)arith.factorfloatSEDIR-smm SED plot of this sourcemeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/224/5/table8Likely extragalactic contaminants in the HOPS samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[21/351] Identifier of the HOPS targetmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainLbol[0.007/3.4] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatTbol[84/1082] Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatn[-0.3/1.8]? 4.5-24um SED slopespect.indexfloatnullablePCatLink to protostars catalogs Megeath+, 2012 (J/AJ/144/192), within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullable2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cutri+ 2003, II/246) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/224/5/table7YSOs in the HOPS with no PACS datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[0/360]? Identifier of the HOPS targetmeta.id;meta.mainintnullableRAJ2000Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainClassType based on SED classification (0, I, II or flat)src.classcharLbol[0.006/15.4] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatTbol[29/1880] Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatn[-0.6/1.6]? 4.5-24um SED slopespect.indexfloatnullableFl[-1/0] Herschel PACS flag (-1=not observed; 0=not detected by PACS at 70um)meta.codeintPCatLink to protostars catalogs Megeath+, 2012 (J/AJ/144/192), within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullable2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cutri+ 2003, II/246) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJS/224/5/table9Targets in the HOPS with uncertain naturerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[349/381] Identifier of the HOPS targetmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainPCatLink to protostars catalogs Megeath+, 2012 (J/AJ/144/192), within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullable2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cutri+ 2003, II/246) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar