J/ApJ/993/233ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/993/233CDSWanderley F.Cunha K.Smith V.V.Souto D.Pascucci I.Behmard A.,Allende Prieto C.Beaton R.L.Bizyaev D.Daflon S.Hasselquist S.,Howell S.Majewski S.R.Pinsonneault M.2026-04-07T10:34:12Z2026-03-27T11:53:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsm-starsexoplanetsorbitsstellar-radiistellar-massesPlanetary radii are derived for 218 exoplanets orbiting 161 M dwarf stars. Stellar radii are based on an analysis of APOGEE high-resolution near-IR spectra for a subsample of the M dwarfs; these results are used to define a stellar radius-M_Ks_ calibration that is applied to the sample of M-dwarf planet hosts. The planetary radius distribution displays a gap over Rp~1.6-2.0R_{Earth}_, bordered by two peaks at Rp~1.2-1.6R_{Earth}_ (super-Earths) and 2.0-2.4R_{Earth}_ (sub-Neptunes). The radius gap is nearly constant with exoplanetary orbital period (a power-law slope of m=+0.01_-0.04_^+0.03^), which is different (2{sigma}-3{sigma}) from m~-0.10 found previously for FGK dwarfs. This flat slope agrees with pebble accretion models, which include photoevaporation and inward orbital migration. The radius gap as a function of insolation is approximately constant over the range of Sp~20-250S_{Earth}_. The Rp-Porb plane exhibits a sub-Neptune desert for Porb<2-days, which appears at Sp>120S_{Earth}_, being significantly smaller than Sp>650S_{Earth}_ found in the FGK planet-hosts, indicating that the appearance of the sub-Neptune desert is a function of host- star mass. Published masses for 51 exoplanets are combined with our radii to determine densities, which exhibit a gap at {rho}_p_~0.9{rho}_{Earth}_, separating rocky exoplanets from sub-Neptunes. The density distribution within the sub-Neptune family itself reveals two peaks, at {rho}_p_~0.4{rho}_{Earth}_ and ~0.7{rho}_{Earth}_. Comparisons to planetary models find that the low-density group are gas-rich sub-Neptunes, while the group at <{rho}_p_>~0.7{rho}_{Earth}_ likely consists of volatile-rich water worlds.2025ApJ...993..233Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/993/233CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)III/284 : APOGEE-2 data from DR16 (Johnsson+, 2020)I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/993/233https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/993/233http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/993/233https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/993/233https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/993/233http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/993/233GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/993/233/table1 (Stellar and Planetary Data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/993/233/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/993/233/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/993/233/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true130.410209117.63997440.0055555555555555566/285 404 449 728 1032 1052 1064 1585 1793 1920 3035 3801 3900 4247 4272 4314 4651 4679 4687 4698 4716 4720 4867-4868 4873-4875 5212 5354 5657 9029 9373 9750 10066 10149 11089 11238 11739 11923 12195 12845 13082 13900 14579 14588 14591 14709 14764 14768 14770 14772 14781 14794 14818-14819 14825 14896 14915 14921 14930 14935 14937 14939 14945 14948 14953 14963 14972 14974-14975 15057 15108 15111-15112 15132 15134 15137 15142 15146-15147 15151 15158 15171-15172 15558 15629 16014 16094 16117 16581 17253 17331 17750 18013 18171 18220 18328-18329 18532 18580 18585 18632 19668 21986 23531 23867 24227 24340 24527 24587 24999 25548 26114 26148 26256 26296 26538 26768 26920 26928 26940 26969 26977 27411 27422 27443 27456 28279 28379 28548 32730 32833 33148 33898 33972 34468 34561 35057 35534 37309 37453 37548 38067 38456 38957 39080 40250 40772 43862 44333 44449 44463 44468 45102 45161 45553 45964 46128 48068 48098https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/993/233?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/993/233/table1Stellar and Planetary DatarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSp? Planetary insolation, in Sgeo unitEarthphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableMp? Planetary mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatnullableE_Mp? Superior uncertainty in Mp(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_Mp? Inferior uncertainty in Mp(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatnullablerhop? Planetary density, in rhogeo unitEarthsrc.densityfloatnullableE_rhop? Superior uncertainty in rhopEarthstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_rhop? Inferior uncertainty in rhopEarthstat.errorfloatnullabler_MpBibcodes associated with the selected planetary mass measurementsmeta.ref;pos.framecharr_dFBibcodes associated with the selected transit depth measurementsmeta.ref;pos.framecharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainDistStellar distance (1)pcpos.distancefloate_DistUncertainty in dpcstat.errorfloatL*Stellar luminosity (10^-4 Lsun units)0.0001solLumphys.luminosityinte_L*Uncertainty in Stellar luminosity (10^-4^Lsun units)0.0001solLumstat.errorintTeff? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablelogg? Log of surface gravityphys.gravityfloatnullableKsMAGAbsolute Ks magnitude (2MASS)magphys.magAbsfloatsR*? Stellar radius derived from APOGEE spectrasolRadphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_sR*? Uncertainty in sR*solRadstat.errorfloatnullablecR*Stellar radius derived from MKs versus R* calibrationsolRadphys.size.radiusfloate_cR*Uncertainty in cR*solRadstat.errorfloatPlanetExoplanet identifiermeta.id;meta.mainchardF? Transit depth%src.var.amplitudefloatnullableE_dF? Superior uncertainty in dF%stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_dF? Inferior uncertainty in dF%stat.errorfloatnullableRp? Planetary radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.angSize;srcfloatnullableE_Rp? Superior uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_Rp? Inferior uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatnullablePorbPlanetary orbital perioddtime.periodfloatHostNameHostname identifiermeta.id.parentchar