J/ApJ/960/72ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/960/72CDSStrotjohann N.L.Ofek E.O.Gal-Yam A.Sollerman J.Chen P.Yaron O.,Zackay B.Rehemtulla N.Gris P.Masci F.J.Rusholme B.Purdum J.2026-04-14T15:02:07Z2026-04-14T15:40:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaephotometryvisible-astronomysurveysThe direct detection of core-collapse supernova (SN) progenitor stars is a powerful way of probing the last stages of stellar evolution. However, detections in archival Hubble Space Telescope images are limited to about one detection per year. Here, we explore whether we can increase the detection rate by using data from ground-based wide-field surveys. Due to crowding and atmospheric blurring, progenitor stars can typically not be identified in preexplosion images alone. Instead, we combine many pre-SN and late-time images to search for the disappearance of the progenitor star. As a proof of concept, we implement our search of ZTF data. For a few hundred images, we achieve limiting magnitudes of ~23mag in the g and r bands. However, no progenitor stars or long-lived outbursts are detected for 29 SNe within z<=0.01, and the ZTF limits are typically several magnitudes less constraining than detected progenitors in the literature. Next, we estimate progenitor detection rates for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) with the Vera C. Rubin telescope by simulating a population of nearby SNe. The background from bright host galaxies reduces the nominal LSST sensitivity by, on average, 0.4 mag. Over the 10 yr survey, we expect the detection of ~50 red supergiant progenitors and several yellow and blue supergiants. The progenitors of Type Ib and Ic SNe will be detectable if they are brighter than -4.7 or -4.0 mag in the LSST i band, respectively. In addition, we expect the detection of hundreds of pre-SN outbursts depending on their brightness and duration.2024ApJ...960...72Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/960/72CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/291 : GLADE+ (Galaxy List for the Advanced Detector Era) (Dalya+, 2022)J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)J/MNRAS/412/1441 : SNe luminosity functions (Li+, 2011)J/ApJ/789/104 : SNe IIn observations and properties (Ofek+, 2014)J/A+A/580/A142 : SN 2011dh. The first two years (Ergon+, 2015)J/ApJ/811/117 : R-band PTF observations of SNe IIb (Strotjohann+, 2015)J/ApJ/887/169 : UV-Opt light curves of the type Ic SN 2018gep (Ho+, 2019)J/ApJ/882/L15 : SN 2018hna photometry & spectroscopy obs. (Singh+, 2019)J/ApJ/875/136 : BVRI, sp. & IR obs. of type II-P SN2017eaw (Van Dyk+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)J/ApJ/895/31 : Photometric obs. of Type II SN 2018ivc (Bostroem+, 2020)J/ApJ/895/32 : Zwicky Transient Facility BTS. I. (Fremling+, 2020)J/ApJ/898/166 : UV to NIR obs. of SN 2019ehk (Jacobson-Galan+, 2020)J/ApJ/900/11 : Spectra of SN 2017eaw after explosion (Weil+, 2020)J/ApJ/912/46 : ZTF Type II supernovae with follow-up obs. (Bruch+, 2021)J/A+A/655/A105 : 3 SN multiwavelength light curves (Sollerman+, 2021)J/ApJ/907/99 : Pre-explosion light curve of Supernovae (Strotjohann+, 2021)J/A+A/655/A90 : SN 2020cxd multi-photometry (Yang+, 2021)J/ApJ/924/55 : UV and optical obs. of type Ic SN 2020oi (Gagliano+, 2022)J/ApJ/924/15 : Final moments. I. Type II SN 2020tlf (Jacobson-Galan+, 2022)J/ApJ/932/58 : LCs and sp. of SNe 2021gno & 2021inl (Jacobson-Galan+, 2022)J/A+A/660/A34 : X-Shooter Spectral Library (XSL). DR3 (Verro+, 2022)J/ApJ/952/119 : SNII during ZTF 1st phase survey & follow-up (Bruch+, 2023)J/ApJ/949/75 : ugriBV phot. & sp. of type II-P SN2019mhm (Vazquez+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/960/72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/960/72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/960/72https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/960/72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/960/72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/960/72GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/960/72/table1 (*Nearby Bright Transient Survey (BTS) supernovae (SNe))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/72/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/72/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/960/72/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true185.4603554.481696940.0055555555555555566/765 1550 4188 7584 11232 11729 11887 14862 15952 15955 17754 25052 25580 25958 26175 26303 26314 26811 27741 27857 27918 28035 30970 31426 32426 32516 44321 44627https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/960/72?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/960/72/table1*Nearby Bright Transient Survey (BTS) supernovae (SNe)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSNIAU identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryZTFZTF identifiermeta.idcharRAJ2000[34/310.5] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-26/71.1] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainTypeSupernova typesrc.spTypecharf_TypeFlag on Type (1)meta.codecharHostHost galaxy identifiermeta.id.parentcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJDJulian date of the approximate explosiondtime.epochdoublet23[305/772] Time after explosion when SN likely faded to 23rd mag in r banddtime.intervalintDist[14.7/44.6] DistanceMpcpos.distancefloatf_Dist[i] No host galaxy redshift availablemeta.codecharl_magLimit flag on magmeta.code.errorcharmag[24.8/28.7]? Detected progenitor magnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloatnullablee_mag[0.02/0.07]? Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableBandObservation band of progenitor (F555W, F606W, F635W or F814W)instr.bandpass;obscharf_magFlag on mag (1)meta.codecharNpNumber of ZTF measurements for this SN (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/960/72/table2*Unbinned ZTF forced-photometry light curves for 29 nearby SNeSNIAU identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintJDJulian Date of the observationdtime.epochdoubleindexedField[277/1876] The ZTF field (1)meta.id;obs.fieldintCCID[1/16] The ZTF CCD ID (1)meta.id;instr.detintQID[1/4] The ZTF quadrant ID (1)obs.fieldintFilt[1/2] The ZTF filter code (1=g, 2=r) (1)meta.code;instr.filterintFlux[-452/3060] Observed flux, in 10-9maggy (2)3.63uJyphot.flux.density;em.optdoublee_Flux[0.04/114] Uncertainty in Flux (2)3.63uJystat.error;phot.fluxdouble