J/ApJ/954/194ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/954/194CDSYoshida K.Petropoulou M.Murase K.Oikonomou F.2026-03-02T06:25:50Z2025-11-28T09:37:19ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgamma-ray-astronomyactive-galactic-nucleineutrino-astronomyredshiftedvisible-astronomyGamma-ray flares of blazars may be accompanied by high-energy neutrinos due to interactions of high-energy cosmic rays in the jet with photons, as suggested by the detection of the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A during a major gamma-ray flare from blazar TXS 0506+056 at the ~3{sigma} significance level. In this work, we present a statistical study of gamma-ray emission from blazars to constrain the contribution of gamma-ray flares to their neutrino output. We construct weekly binned light curves for 145 gamma-ray bright blazars in the Fermi Large Area Telescope Monitored Source List adding TXS 0506+056. We derive the fraction of time spent in the flaring state (flare duty cycle) and the fraction of energy released during each flare from the light curves with a Bayesian blocks algorithm. We find that blazars with lower flare duty cycles and energy fractions are more numerous among our sample. We identify a significant difference in flare duty cycles between blazar subclasses at a significance level of 5%. Then using a general scaling relation for the neutrino and gamma-ray luminosities, L_{nu}_{propto}(L_{gamma}_)^{gamma}^ with a weighting exponent of {gamma}=1.0-2.0, normalized to the quiescent gamma-ray or X-ray flux of each blazar, we evaluate the neutrino energy flux of each gamma-ray flare. The gamma-ray flare distribution indicates that blazar neutrino emission may be dominated by flares for {gamma}>~1.5. The neutrino energy fluxes for 1 week and 10 yr bins are compared with the decl.-dependent IceCube sensitivity to constrain the standard neutrino emission models for gamma-ray flares. Finally, we present the upper-limit contribution of blazar gamma-ray flares to the isotropic diffuse neutrino flux.2023ApJ...954..194Yhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/954/194CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/743/171 : The 2LAC catalog (Ackermann+, 2011)J/ApJ/846/34 : Flaring gamma-ray sources; LAT 7.4yr (2FAV) (Abdollahi+, 2017)J/ApJ/864/84 : Swift follow-up obs. of TXS 0506+056 (Keivani+, 2018)J/ApJS/247/33 : The Fermi LAT fourth source catalog (4FGL) (Abdollahi+, 2020)J/ApJ/892/105 : Fourth cat. of Fermi LAT-detected AGNs (4LAC) (Ajello+, 2020)J/A+A/650/A83 : Radio flux densities of neutrino associations (Hovatta+, 2021)http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/msl_lc/ : Fermi LAT Monitoredhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/194https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/194http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/954/194https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/194https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/194http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/954/194GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/954/194/tablea1 (List of our sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/194/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/194/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/954/194/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true300.01165.14790.0055555555555555566/514 579 911 2228 2331 2414 3024 4695 4820 5371 5423 5458 5597 6777 7004 7389 7446 7570 7653 7896 7969 8299 9075 9204 9460 9545 9612 9629 9633 10422 10501 10605 10681 11045 11631 11639 12466 12604 13582 13729 13820 13927 14068 14854 15023 15969 16027 16281 16298 16676 17186 17364 17414 18035 18457 18661 18718 18821 19370 19398 20099 20227 20657 20932 21121 21564 21768 21935 22501 22658 22917 22947 23014-23015 23099 23691 23897 24084 24123 24444 24845 25673 25818 25864 26131 26292 26340 27060 27310 28083 28139 28479 28492 28517 29016 29072 29570 31663 31894 33570 33678 33774 34085 34095 34123 34210 34517 34572 34931 35078 36058 36090 36100 37686 37688 38046 38579 39963 40265 42105 42901 42980 43366 43822 44043 44069 44106 44247 44526 44908 45081 45178 45491 46369 46444 46723 46963-46964 47014 47016 47151 47540 47912 49071https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/954/194?format=asciiGamma-rayOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/954/194/tablea1List of our sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint4FGLThe 4LAC catalog identifier (Ajello+ 2020, J/ApJ/892/105)meta.id;meta.maincharNameObject namemeta.idcharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-83.7/78.5] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainOptClOptical class (1)src.classcharsedClSED class from Ajello+ 2020, J/ApJ/892/105meta.code.classcharz[0.03/3.2]? Spectroscopic derived redshift (2)src.redshiftdoublenullableLATIdentifiers as used on https://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/msl_lc/meta.idcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar