J/ApJ/952/119ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/952/119CDSBruch R.J.Gal-Yam A.Yaron O.Chen P.Strotjohann N.L.Irani I.,Zimmerman E.Schulze S.Yang YiKim Y.-L.Bulla M.Sollerman J.,Rigault M.Ofek E.Soumagnac M.Masci F.J.Fremling C.Perley D.,Nordin J.Cenko S.B.Ho A.Y.Q.Adams S.Adreoni I.Bellm E.C.,Blagorodnova N.Burdge K.De K.Dekany R.G.Dhawan S.Drake A.J.,Duev D.A.Graham M.Graham M.L.Jencson J.Karamehmetoglu E.,Kasliwal M.M.Kulkarni S.Miller A.A.Neill J.D.Prince T.A.,Riddle R.Rusholme B.Sharma Y.Smith R.Sravan N.Taggart K.,Walters R.Yan L.2025-12-01T06:24:56Z2025-10-30T13:23:09ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaephotometryvisible-astronomyabsolute-magnitudespectroscopyredshiftedNarrow transient emission lines (flash-ionization features) in early supernova (SN) spectra trace the presence of circumstellar material (CSM) around the massive progenitor stars of core-collapse SNe. The lines disappear within days after the SN explosion, suggesting that this material is spatially confined, and originates from enhanced mass loss shortly (months to a few years) prior to the explosion. We performed a systematic survey of H-rich (Type II) SNe discovered within less than 2 days from the explosion during the first phase of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey (2018-2020), finding 30 events for which a first spectrum was obtained within <2 days from the explosion. The measured fraction of events showing flash-ionization features (>36% at the 95% confidence level) confirms that elevated mass loss in massive stars prior to SN explosion is common. We find that SNe II showing flash-ionization features are not significantly brighter, nor bluer, nor more slowly rising than those without. This implies that CSM interaction does not contribute significantly to their early continuum emission, and that the CSM is likely optically thin. We measured the persistence duration of flash-ionization emission and find that most SNe show flash features for ~5 days. Rarer events, with persistence timescales >10 days, are brighter and rise longer, suggesting these may be intermediate between regular SNe II and strongly interacting SNe IIn.2023ApJ...952..119Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/952/119CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/736/159 : Photometry monitoring of the SN PTF10vdl (Gal-Yam+, 2011)J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)J/ApJ/789/104 : SNe IIn observations and properties (Ofek+, 2014)J/ApJ/820/33 : R-band light curves of type II supernovae (Rubin+, 2016)J/ApJ/861/63 : Type IIP SN 2016bkv LCs and spectra (Hosseinzadeh+, 2018)J/A+A/631/A147 : Transient processing & analysis using AMPEL (Nordin+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)J/A+A/637/A73 : Type IIn supernova photometry (Nyholm+, 2020)J/ApJ/902/6 : UV to visible-light obs. of SN 2018fif (Soumagnac+, 2020)J/ApJ/912/46 : ZTF Type II supernovae with follow-up obs. (Bruch+, 2021)J/ApJ/907/99 : Pre-explosion light curve of 227 SNe (Strotjohann+, 2021)J/ApJ/924/15 : Final moments. I. Type II SN 2020tlf (Jacobson-Galan+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/952/119https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/952/119http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/952/119https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/952/119https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/952/119http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/952/119GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/952/119/sample (Final hydrogen rich normal SNe II (Table 7), real infants classified as SN IIn (Table 8) and SN IIb (Table 9))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/119/sample?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/119/sample?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/952/119/sample?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true106.47266212.89293750.0055555555555555566/34 727 1017 1152 1166 1213 1732 1889 2139 2182 2222 2304 2317 2353 2393 2432 2506 2515 2792 2824 3957 4981 4988 5043 5212 5553 5652 5765 5812 5880 5917 6019 6057 6213 6881 6951 6977 7857 7900 7946 8027 8269 8333 8701 9218 9236 9284 9297 9332-9333 9350 9389 9471 9495 9504 9526 9658 9672 9694 9718 9740 9757 9767 9856 9898 9986 9999 10060 10072 10087 10108 10161 10200 10217 10473 10629 10793 10825 11040 11195 11251 11357 11366 11379 11421 11533 11571 11677 11718 11731 11893 12043 12082 12120 12777 12827 13339 13385 13827 13831 14829 14895 15000 15027 15030 15095 15155 15163 15182 15321 15887 16115 16190 17061 17468 17742 17782 18123 19401 19470 19514 19577 19840 19887 19991 20041 20167 20201 20280 20344 20431 22293 22460 23080 27535 28035 28059 28537 28572 28632 28637 31218 32475 32518 32766 34786 36601 48414https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/952/119?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/952/119/sampleFinal hydrogen rich normal SNe II (Table 7), real infants classified as SN IIn (Table 8) and SN IIb (Table 9)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSNIAU Name (YYYYaaa)meta.idcharprimaryZTFZTF Name (YYaaaaaaa)meta.id;meta.maincharTypeSN Type (always "SN II")src.spTypecharEEDEstimated Julian Date of Explosiondtime.epochdoubleSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_EED[0.001/5.7] Uncertainty in EEDdstat.errorfloatDateLst[-7.9/4.1] Last non-detection, days to EED (G1)dtime.epochfloatDateFst[0/5.2] First detection, days from EED (G1)dtime.epochfloatRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-25.5/81.3] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainDate1sp[0.1/94.5] First spectrum, days from EED (G1)dtime.intervalfloatFlashFlasher? yes, yes?, nometa.codecharspspectroscopic data (link to Tables 2-5)meta.ref.urlcharNpNumber of photometry measurements for this SN (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/952/119/table1ZTF/P48 forced-photometry light curves of the 148 events in the Real Infant samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTime[-972.6/1081] Time from the estimated explosion date (EED)dtime.intervaldoubleindexedJDJulian Date of observationdtime.epochdoubleFlux[-4.15e-08/4e-07] Flux, in Mgy3631Jyphot.flux.densitydoublee_Flux[2.2e-11/2.6e-08] Uncertainty in Flux, in Mgy3631Jystat.error;phot.fluxdoubleomag[15.99/21]? Apparent magnitude in Filtmagphot.magfloatnullablee_omag[0.013/0.4]? Uncertainty in omagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableMAG[-20.41/-10.99]? Absolute magnitude in Filtmagphys.magAbsdoublenullablee_MAG[0.016/1.4]? Uncertainty in MAGmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFilt[gr] Filtermeta.id;instr.filtercharZTFZTF Name (YYaaaaaaa)meta.id;meta.maincharindexedJ/ApJ/952/119/table2infant hydrogen rich objects which showed flash ionisation featuresSNIAU name (YYYYaaa)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeSN Typesrc.spTypecharFlashFlasher yes, nometa.codecharInstInstrument+Telescope of 1st spectruminstrcharDate1sp[0.14/11.4] First spectrum, days since estimated explosion date (EED)dtime.intervalfloatResSpectrograph Resolution (1)pos.angResolutioncharJ/ApJ/952/119/table3SNR estimation of the first spectra obtained with SEDm in the 2-day subsampleSNIAU name (YYYYaaa)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlashFlasher yes, nometa.codecharDate1sp[0.1/1.94] First spectrum, days since estimated explosion date (EED)dtime.intervalfloatomag[17.44/19.6] Apparent (AB) mag at Date1spmagphot.magfloatSNR[3.15/24.09] Signal-to-noise of 1st spectrumstat.snrfloatJ/ApJ/952/119/table4SubSN II objects with a first spectrum <=2d from EEDSNIAU Name (YYYYaaa)meta.id;meta.maincharInstInstrument+Telescope of 1st spectruminstrcharzspec[0.012/0.058] Spectroscopic redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatl_e_zspecLimit flag on e_zspecmeta.code.errorchare_zspec[0.0001/0.0108] Uncertainty on zspecstat.errorfloatFiltFilter bandpass namemeta.id;instr.bandpass;instr.filtercharMAGpk[-18.75/-14.51]? Peak absolute (AB) magnitude in Filtmagphys.magAbsfloatnullablel_e_MAGpkLimit flag on MAGpkmeta.code.errorchare_MAGpk[0.01/0.41]? Uncertainty in MAGpkmagstat.errorfloatnullableRise[4.72/24.76]? Rise timedtime.epochfloatnullablee_Rise[0.11/1.93]? Uncertainty in Risedstat.errorfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlashFlasher? yes, yes?, nometa.codecharDate1sp[0.11/1.99] First spectrum, days from estimated explosion date (EED)dtime.intervalfloatJ/ApJ/952/119/table5Timescales of flash-ionisation features, peak absolute magnitudes in r band and g bandrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSNIAU Name (YYYYaaa)meta.id;meta.maincharTypeSN Typesrc.spTypecharJD-lastJulian date of last flashdtime.epochdoubleJD-noJulian date of no flashdtime.epochdoubletau[1.28/17.15] characteristic timescaledtime.scalefloate_tau[0.5/6.51] Uncertainty on taudstat.errorfloatzspec[0.012/0.08] Spectroscopic redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatl_e_zspecLimit flag on e_zspecmeta.code.errorchare_zspec[0.0001/0.01] Uncertainty on zspecstat.errorfloatFiltFilter bandpass namemeta.id;instr.bandpass;instr.filtercharMAGpk[-20.37/-14.51]? Peak absolute (AB) magnitude in Filtmagphys.magAbsfloatnullablel_e_MAGpkLimit flag on MAGpkmeta.code.errorchare_MAGpk[0.01/0.5]? Uncertainty in MAGpkmagstat.errorfloatnullableRise[1.72/24.65]? Rise time (days)dtime.epochfloatnullablee_Rise[0.1/1.7]? Uncertainty in Risedstat.errorfloatnullable