J/ApJ/944/49ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/944/49doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19440049CDSFederman S.Megeath S.T.Tobin J.J.Sheehan P.D.Pokhrel R.Habel N.,Stutz A.M.Fischer W.J.Hartmann L.Stanke T.Narang M.Osorio M.,Atnagulov P.Rahatgaonkar R.2025-03-07T20:10:42Z2025-02-26T08:22:54ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frpre-main-sequence-starsyoung-stellar-objectsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyinterferometryco-line-emissionWe present an 870{mu}m continuum survey of 300 protostars from the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey using the Atacama Compact Array (ACA). These data measure protostellar flux densities on envelope scales <=8000au (20") and resolve the structure of envelopes with 1600au (4") resolution, a factor of 3-5 improvement in angular resolution over existing single-dish 870{mu}m observations. We compare the ACA observations to Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 12m array observations at 870{mu}m with ~0.1" (40au) resolution. Using the 12m data to measure the fluxes from disks and the ACA data within 2500au to measure the combined disk plus envelope fluxes, we calculate the 12m/ACA 870{mu}m flux ratios. Our sample shows a clear evolution in this ratio. Class 0 protostars are mostly envelope-dominated with ratios <0.5. In contrast, Flat Spectrum protostars are primarily disk-dominated with ratios near 1, although with a number of face-on protostars dominated by their envelopes. Class I protostars span the range from envelope to disk-dominated. The increase in ratio is accompanied by a decrease in the envelope fluxes and estimated mass infall rates. We estimate that 80% of the mass is accreted during the envelope-dominated phase. We find that the 12m/ACA flux ratio is an evolutionary indicator that largely avoids the inclination and foreground extinction dependence of spectral energy distribution-based indicators.2023ApJ...944...49Fhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/944/49CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)J/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)J/AJ/144/31 : Spitzer+2MASS phot. of protostar candidates (Kryukova+, 2012)J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSO catalog (Megeath+, 2012)J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)J/AJ/148/11 : Infrared photometry in Cygnus-X (Kryukova+, 2014)J/ApJS/224/5 : Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS): SEDs (Furlan+, 2016)J/ApJ/831/125 : ALMA 887um obs. of ChaI star-forming region (Pascucci+, 2016)J/AJ/156/84 : APOGEE-2 survey of Orion Complex. II. (Kounkel+, 2018)J/ApJ/890/130 : VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. II. (Tobin+, 2020)J/ApJ/911/153 : HST 1.60 & 2.05um images of protostars in Orion (Habel+, 2021)J/ApJS/256/30 : ALMA 1.33mm images of 10 FU Orionis-type stars (Kospal+, 2021)J/ApJ/920/132 : NEOWISE 6.5yr variability in YSOs (Park+, 2021)J/ApJ/929/76 : VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. VI. Disks (Sheehan+, 2022)J/A+A/663/A98 : Young stars in star forming regions (Testi+, 2022)J/ApJ/925/39 : The VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. V. Mult. (Tobin+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/944/49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/944/49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/944/49https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/944/49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/944/49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/944/49GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/944/49/hops (Source properties (Table 1) and analysis-derived properties (Table 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/944/49/hops?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/944/49/hops?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/944/49/hops?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true88.55141.70990.0055555555555555566/21403 21425 21427-21428 21430 21435-21436 21438-21439 22804-22805 22854-22855 22861 22873 22876 23560https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/944/49?format=asciiMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/944/49/hopsSource properties (Table 1) and analysis-derived properties (Table 2)ACAACA-based morphology (4)src.classcharl_FdiskLimit flag for Fdiskmeta.code.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzcharFdisk[0/1588] Disk FluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_Fdisk[0/34] Uncertainty in FdiskmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatFapex[30.7/8883] APEX FluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatl_IpkLimit flag for Ipkmeta.code.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzcharIpk[1/3091] Beam flux at ACA peakmJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatl_IdiskLimit flag for Idiskmeta.code.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzcharIdisk[0.9/3037] Beam flux at position of diskmJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatI-rms[0.18/24] Mean RMS of map calculated from three off-source positionsmJy/beaminstr.det.noise;stat.mean;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatl_FacaLimit flag for Facameta.code.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzcharFaca[1/4769] Integrated aperture fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatFaca-rms[0.25/56.4] Calculated integrated flux RMS (5)mJyinstr.det.noise;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatl_FenvLimit flag for Fenvmeta.code.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzchare_Fenv[0.26/60]? Uncertainty in FenvmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[1/409] HOPS identifier (1)meta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000[83.37/88.74] Right ascension (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-8.84/1.9] Declination (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainDist[351/441.1] Distance from Tobin+ 2020, J/ApJ/890/130pcpos.distancefloatClassSED class (2)src.classcharLbol[0.02/1478] Bolometric luminosity (1)solLumphys.luminosity;phot.flux.bolfloatTbol[23/954] Bolometric temperature (1)Kphys.temperature;phot.flux.bolfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharamaj[4.5/6] Beam, semi-major axisarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxis;instr.beamfloatbmin[2.5/3] Beam, semi-minor axisarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxis;instr.beamfloatHSTHST-based morphology (3)src.classcharFenv[-47/3540]? Envelope fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablel_FRatioLimit flag for FRatiometa.code.error;phot.flux;arith.ratiocharFRatio[0/3.63]? Flux ratio (6)phot.flux;arith.ratio;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_FRatio[0/1.6]? Uncertainty in FRatiostat.error;phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableFlag[1/2] Flag (7)meta.code.errorintVANDAMDisplay data from Tobin+ 2020, J/ApJ/890/130 within 1.5"meta.ref.urlchar