J/ApJ/942/69ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/942/69doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19420069CDSMassey P.Neugent K.F.Ekstrom S.Georgy C.Meynet G.2025-07-18T20:13:22Z2024-12-30T11:46:43ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupergiant-starsmagellanic-cloudsradial-velocityinfrared-photometrytwo-color-diagramsvisible-astronomystellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperatureMass loss in red supergiants (RSGs) is generally recognized to be episodic, but mass-loss prescriptions fail to reflect this. Evolutionary models show that the total amount of mass lost in this phase determines if these stars evolve to warmer temperatures before undergoing core collapse. The current Geneva evolutionary models mimic episodic mass loss by enhancing the quiescent prescription rates whenever the star's outer layers exceed the Eddington luminosity by a large factor. This results in a 20M_{sun}_ model undergoing 10x more mass loss than it would otherwise, but has little effect on models of lower mass. We can test the validity of this approach observationally by measuring the proportion of high-luminosity RSGs to that predicted by the models. To do this, we use our recent luminosity-limited census of RSGs in M31 and M33, making modest improvements to membership, and adopting extinctions based on the recent panchromatic M31 and M33 Hubble surveys. We then compare the proportions of the highest luminosity RSGs found to that predicted by published Geneva models, as well as to a special set of models computed without the enhanced rates. We find good agreement with the models which include the supra-Eddington enhanced mass loss. The models with lower mass-loss rates predict a larger fraction of high-luminosity RSGs than observed, and thus can be ruled out. We also use these improved data to confirm that the upper luminosity limit of RSGs is logL/L_{sun}_~5.4, regardless of metallicity, using our improved data on M31 and M33 plus previous results on the Magellanic Clouds.2023ApJ...942...69Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/942/69CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIII/147 : Studies of LMC stellar content (Rousseau+ 1978)II/236 : UBVR CCD survey of the Magellanic clouds (Massey+, 2002)V/143 : Revised Bologna Catalog of M31 clusters, V.5 (Galleti+ 2012)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+AS/24/35 : LMC A-F supergiants (Stock+, 1976)J/A+AS/30/261 : UBV and RVels of SMC Supergiants (Ardeberg+, 1977)J/AJ/99/784 : IR photometry of LMC long-period variables (Hughes+ 1990)J/ApJ/348/98 : LMC AGB stars IRAS fluxes (Reid+ 1990)J/AJ/103/1205 : Stellar Content of LH 9 and 10 in the LMC (Parker+ 1992)J/ApJ/501/153 : VRB photometry of red supergiants (Massey 1998)J/AJ/119/2214 : Photometry of Magellanic OB associations (Massey+, 2000)J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)J/A+A/416/917 : Revised Bologna Cat. of M31 GlCs (Galleti+, 2004)J/AJ/128/1606 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: LMC (Zaritsky+, 2004)J/AJ/131/2478 : M31 and M33 UBVRI photometry (Massey+, 2006)J/AJ/132/866 : New M dwarfs in solar neighborhood (Riaz+, 2006)J/AJ/134/447 : Cat. of star cluster candidates in M 33 (Sarajedini+, 2007)J/A+A/487/131 : JHKs photometry of LPVs in M33 (Cioni+, 2008)J/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)J/A+A/496/841 : VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars (Hunter+, 2009)J/ApJ/703/420 : Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)J/MNRAS/395/1409 : Type II-P SN progenitor constraints (Smartt+, 2009)J/ApJ/725/200 : An updated cat. of M31 globular-like clusters (Fan+, 2010)J/ApJ/733/123 : The Wolf-Rayet content of M33 (NGC 598) (Neugent+, 2011)J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120, Z=0.014 (Ekstrom+, 2012)J/MNRAS/425/355 : Hot stars in LMC UKST H{alpha} survey (Reid+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/133 : Metallicity profile of M31 HII reg and PNe (Sanders+, 2012)J/ApJ/769/10 : Spectroscopy of M31 globular clusters (Jacoby+, 2013)J/ApJ/802/127 : PHAT stellar cluster survey. II. AP catalog (Johnson+, 2015)J/ApJ/824/42 : Star clusters in M31. VII. GlCs RVs (Caldwell+, 2016)J/ApJ/826/224 : RSG and foreground candidates in M31 (Massey+, 2016)J/AJ/152/62 : Revised LGGS UBVRI phot. of M31 & M33 stars (Massey+, 2016)J/MNRAS/478/3138 : Luminous cool supergiants in Magellanic Clds (Davies+, 2018)J/A+A/618/A137 : MC cool supergiants spectra (Dorda+, 2018)J/ApJ/875/124 : Binary red supergiants. II. (Neugent+, 2019)J/ApJ/900/118 : RSGs in LMC & sp. follow-up for LMC & SMC (Neugent+, 2020)J/ApJ/889/44 : UKIRT obs. of red supergiants in M31 (Neugent+, 2020)J/A+A/635/A29 : Multiplicity of red supergiants in NGC 330 (Patrick+, 2020)J/A+A/639/A116 : RSGs in the SMC (Yang+, 2020)J/ApJ/922/177 : 2MASS red supergiants in the SMC (Massey+, 2021)J/AJ/161/79 : Red supergiant stars in M31 and M33 (Massey+, 2021)J/other/Nat/594.365 : Betelgeuse during its Great Dimming (Montarges+, 2021)J/ApJ/908/87 : 182 RSGs and OB-stars in M31 and M33 (Neugent, 2021)J/ApJS/253/53 : PHATTER. I. HST obs. of stars in M33 (Williams+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/942/69https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/942/69http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/942/69https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/942/69https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/942/69http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/942/69GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/942/69/table2 (Red supergiants (RSGs) in M31)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.7407708340.395588890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/942/69/table3 (RSGs in M33)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true23.0846666730.493861110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/942/69/table4 (RSGs in the SMC)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.93487083-73.525808330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/942/69/table5 (RSGs in the LMC)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/942/69/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true69.904975-68.941008330.0055555555555555564/2068 5/8263 8268-8269 8276 8278 8280-8281 8323-8324 8326 8329 6/2154-2155 2240-2241 2622-2623 2666 2708-2709 2752 32954-32956 32958 33046-33047 33049-33051 33081 33084-33085 33108 33110 33116 33118 33128-33129 33136-33137 33285-33287 33291 33300-33302 33310 33313 33315 33324-33325 33328-33330 333368.297946179207444e-20 1.000944668413732e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/942/69?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/942/69/table2Red supergiants (RSGs) in M31u_RVel[:] Uncertainty flag on RVelmeta.code.error;spect.dopplerVeloccharRVelExp[-537/-53]? Expected radial velocity; if RVel listedkm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloatnullableM21aDisplay data from Massey+ 2021, J/AJ/161/79meta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[0] Hour of Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[40/42] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRho[0.06/0.75] Galactocentric distance; R25 radii (1)pos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatKsmag[12.83/17.03] Apparent CFHT/WIRCAM Ks magnitude (from Massey+ 2021, J/AJ/161/79)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0.001/0.7] Uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatJ-Ks[0.87/1.5] The (J-Ks) color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloate_J-Ks[0.001/0.7] Uncertainty in J-Ksmagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.JfloatNobs[0/4] Number of observationsmeta.numberintMm[1/2] Membership based upon Gaia (2)meta.code.memberintTemp[3150/4300] Effective temperature; computed using Av=1.0mag (G1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintLogLum[3.95/5.46] Log luminosity computed using Av=1.0mag (G2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatLGGSLGGS Name (Massey+ 2006, J/AJ/131/2478); if anymeta.id.crosscharVmag[17.25/23.69]? LGGS V mag; if anymagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableSpTypeLGGS Spectral type; if anysrc.spTypecharRVel[-584/-35]? Radial velocity from Massey & Evans (2016); if anykm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloatnullableJ/ApJ/942/69/table3RSGs in M33recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[1] Hour of Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[30/31] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRho[0.01/1] Galactocentric distance; R25 radii (1)pos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatKmag[12.78/17.3] Apparent UKIRT/WFCAM K magnitude (from Massey+ 2021, J/AJ/161/79)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Kmag[0.001/0.11] Uncertainty in Kmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatJ-Ks[0.79/1.5] The (J-Ks) color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloate_J-Ks[0.002/0.14] Uncertainty in J-Ksmagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.JfloatNobs[0/15] Number of observationsmeta.numberintMm[1/2] Membership based upon Gaia (2)meta.code.memberintTemp[3200/4400] Effective temperature computed using Av=0.80mag (G1)Kphys.temperature.effective;meta.modelledintLogLum[3.95/5.52] Log luminosity computed using Av=0.80mag (G2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatLGGSLGGS Name (Massey+ 2006, J/AJ/131/2478); if anymeta.id.crosscharVmag[17.28/22.77]? LGGS V mag; if anymagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableSpTypeLGGS Spectral type; if anysrc.spTypecharRVel[-285/-58]? Radial velocity; if any (3)km/sspect.dopplerVelocfloatnullableu_RVel[:] Uncertainty flag on RVelmeta.code.error;spect.dopplerVeloccharRVelExp[-263/-100]? Expected radial velocity; if RVel listedkm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloatnullableM21aDisplay data from Massey+ 2021, J/AJ/161/79meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/942/69/table4RSGs in the SMCDEJ2000[70/75] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainKsmag[7.42/12.5] Apparent 2MASS Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS identifier (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs) (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[0/1] Hour of Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypechare_Ksmag[0.017/0.05] Uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatJ-Ks[0.70/1.56] The (J-Ks) color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloate_J-Ks[0.026/0.08] Uncertainty in J-Ksmagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.JfloatMm[0/2] Membership based upon Gaia (2)meta.code.memberintTemp[3050/4500] Effective temperature computed assuming Av=0.40mag (G1)Kphys.temperature.effective;meta.modelledintLogLum[3.49/5.5] Log luminosity computed assuming Av=0.40mag (G2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatRef[1/14]? Reference for spectral type (3)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableAltNameAlternative namemeta.idcharCommCommentmeta.notecharM21bDisplay data from Massey+ 2021, J/ApJ/922/177meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/942/69/table5RSGs in the LMCSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS identifier (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[4/5] Hour of Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[65/72] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainKsmag[6.6/12] Apparent 2MASS Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0.016/0.06] Uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatJ-Ks[0.79/1.65] The (J-Ks) color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloate_J-Ks[0.02/0.1] Uncertainty in J-Ksmagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.JfloatMm[0/2] Membership based upon Gaia (1)meta.code.memberintTemp[2900/4400] Effective temperature computed assuming Av=0.40mag (G1)Kphys.temperature.effective;meta.modelledintLogLum[3.5/5.6] Log luminosity computed assuming Av=0.40mag (G2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharRef[1/24]? Reference for spectral type (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableAltNameAlternative namemeta.idcharN20Display data from Neugent+ 2020, J/ApJ/900/118meta.ref.urlchar