J/ApJ/941/49ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/941/49CDSKerr R.Kraus A.L.Murphy S.J.Krolikowski D.M.Offner S.S.R.,Tofflemire B.M.Rizzuto A.C.2025-08-01T08:20:05Z2025-07-28T13:02:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsstellar-associationsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyphotometryradial-velocityline-intensitiesapparent-magnitudetrigonometric-parallaxspectroscopic-binary-starspre-main-sequence-starsYoung stellar populations provide a record of past star formation, and by establishing their members' dynamics and ages, it is possible to reconstruct the full history of star formation events. Gaia has greatly expanded the number of accessible stellar populations, with one of the most notable recently discovered associations being Cepheus Far North (CFN), a population containing hundreds of members spanning over 100pc. With its proximity (d<~200pc), apparent substructure, and relatively small population, CFN represents a manageable population to study in depth, with enough evidence of internal complexity to produce a compelling star formation story. Using Gaia astrometry and photometry combined with additional spectroscopic observations, we identify over 500 candidate CFN members spread across seven subgroups. Combining ages from isochrones, asteroseismology, dynamics, and lithium depletion, we produce well-constrained ages for all seven subgroups, revealing a largely continuous 10Myr star formation history in the association. By tracing back the present-day populations to the time of their formation, we identify two spatially and dynamically distinct nodes in which stars form, one associated with {beta} Cephei, which shows mostly co-spatial formation, and one associated with EE Draconis with a more dispersed star formation history. This detailed view of star formation demonstrates the complexity of the star formation process, even in the smallest of regions.2022ApJ...941...49Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/941/49CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)V/136 : Teff and metallicities for Tycho-2 stars (Ammons+, 2006)III/254 : 2nd Cat. Radial Velocities with Astrometric Data (Kharchenko+, 2007)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)I/349 : StarHorse, Gaia DR2 photo-astrometric distances (Anders+, 2019)I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/289/101 : Orion OB1 association. I. (Brown+, 1994)J/ApJ/469/355 : Teff, B-V and BC relation (Flower, 1996)J/AJ/117/354 : OB associations from Hipparcos (de Zeeuw+, 1999)J/AJ/124/1670 : Post-T Tauri Stars in Sco-Cen Association (Mamajek+, 2002)J/AN/328/889 : Mean Radial Velocities of open clusters (Kharchenko+, 2007)J/A+A/508/833 : SACY III. Li abundances (da Silva+, 2009)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/ApJ/731/8 : Multiple star formation in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2011)J/AJ/147/146 : Spectroscopy of Tuc-Hor candidate members (Kraus+, 2014)J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)J/A+A/584/A67 : IRDC18223 images (Beuther+, 2015)J/A+A/575/A120 : DANCe study of M35 (NGC 2168) (Bouy+, 2015)J/MNRAS/450/2764 : Spectroscopic survey of Kepler stars. I. (Niemczura+, 2015)J/MNRAS/448/2737 : New PMS K/M Stars in Upper Scorpius (Rizzuto+, 2015)J/MNRAS/461/794 : Scorpius-Centaurus K-Type Stars (Pecaut+, 2016)J/AJ/153/128 : WOCS. LXXV. Hyades&Praesepe lithium data (Cummings+, 2017)J/ApJ/846/144 : Virial analysis of the dense cores in Orion A (Kirk+, 2017)J/ApJ/838/150 : The Taurus-Auriga ecosystem. I. (Kraus+, 2017)J/AJ/153/257 : Comoving stars in Gaia DR1 (Oh+, 2017)J/AJ/154/69 : ACRONYM II. {beta} Pictoris Moving Group (Shkolnik+, 2017)J/A+A/612/A96 : Sp. survey of youngest field stars II (Frasca+, 2018)J/AJ/156/84 : APOGEE-2 survey of Orion Complex. II. (Kounkel+, 2018)J/A+A/620/A172 : Solar neighbourhood young stars 3D mapping (Zari+, 2018)J/AJ/158/93 : Regression of stellar Teff in GaiaDR2 (Bai+, 2019)J/A+A/626/A17 : Young population in Vela-Puppis (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2019)J/AJ/158/122 : Local structure & SFH of the MW (Kounkel+, 2019)J/ApJ/870/32 : Kinematics in young Cl* & associations (Kuhn+, 2019)J/A+A/625/A135 : Gal. interstellar dust Gaia-2MASS 3D maps (Lallement+, 2019)J/A+A/637/A43 : Membership in the Cepheus association (Klutsch+, 2020)J/A+A/642/A179 : beta Pic moving group RV of 81 stars (Miret-Roig+, 2020)J/AJ/159/273 : Taurus members & nonmembers with K2 data (Rebull+, 2020)J/ApJ/898/27 : Ages For Field LowEr-mass Stars (Stanford-Moore+, 2020)J/ApJ/917/23 : SPYGLASS. I. Mapping young stellar structures (Kerr+, 2021)J/AJ/162/110 : Gaia EDR3 census of Taurus-Auriga (Krolikowski+, 2021)J/A+A/649/A3 : Gaia EDR3 photometric passbands (Riello+, 2021)J/MNRAS/505/5164 : The Gaia view of the Cepheus flare (Szilagyi+, 2021)J/AJ/164/215 : Candidate members of Cep-Her, RSG-5 and CH-2 (Bouma+, 2022)J/ApJ/933/77 : Teff & luminosity of Gaia EDR3 Serpens members (Zhou+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/49https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/49GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/941/49/table1 (*Spectroscopic properties acquired for stars in Cepheus Far North (CFN) association)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true329.642175.05480.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/941/49/table2 (All stars identified as credible candidate members of the Cepheus Far North association)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true314.038872.93990.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/941/49/table6 (*Catalog of binaries in CFN)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/49/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true329.641975.05470.0055555555555555564/1013 5/1003 3965 3967 3998-3999 4034 4036 4041-4042 4044-4045 4048-4049 4060-4061 6/3810 3813 3816 3818 3826-3827 3837-3839 3896 3962 3997 4000 4004-4005 4007 4009-4011 4018 4024-4025 4027-4028 4031 4058 4071 4077 15725 15730 15758 15781 15784 15786 15788-15790 15792 15797-15799 15802-15803 15807 15816 15827-15828 15839 15843 15846 15848 15850-15851 15853-15855 15857-15859 15864 15866-15867 15911 15933 15935 15951 15957-15958 15962 15964 15966 15976 15980 15982 15986-15987 15990-15991 16005-16007 16018-16019 16022-16026 16028 16031 16035 16052-16053 16059 16062 16065 16067-16068 16074-16075 16078-16080 16084-16085 16087 16091-16093 16098-16101 16112 16117 16129-16131 16133-16134 16143 16148-16149 16151-16152 16155-16156 16158-16159 16161 16172 16174-16175 16184-16185 16187-16189 16191 16201 16204-16205 16207 16224-16225 16229-16231 16233-16234 16237-16239 16249 16252-16254 16257 16259 16268-16269 16276-16278 16288-16289 16304 16322 16325 16335 16340 16347 16370 163771.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/941/49?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/941/49/table1*Spectroscopic properties acquired for stars in Cepheus Far North (CFN) associationrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.id;meta.mainRA_ICRSGaia EDR3 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSGaia EDR3 Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRV[-64.59/117.4] Radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_RV[0.02/23] Uncertainty in RVkm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatr_RVSource of RV (1)meta.refcharEWLi[0/0.7]? Equivalent width, Li (2)0.1nmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWLi[0/0.2]? Uncertainty in EWLi (2)0.1nmstat.error;spect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableEWHb[0/27.3]? Equivalent width, H{beta} (2)0.1nmspect.line.eqWidth;em.line.Hbetafloatnullablee_EWHb[0/1120]? Uncertainty in EWHb (2)0.1nmstat.error;spect.line.eqWidth;em.line.Hbetafloatnullabler_EWSpectrum Source (3)meta.ref;spect.line.eqWidthcharMmCandidate member of the Cepheus Far North association (link to Table 2)meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJ/941/49/table2All stars identified as credible candidate members of the Cepheus Far North associationFNotable features (6)meta.codeintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.id;meta.mainprimarySG[1/7] ID of the subgroup the star is assigned to (see Tables 3 and 4)meta.id.parentintRA_ICRSGaia EDR3 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSGaia EDR3 Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGmag[6.4/21] Observed Gaia EDR3 G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatBP-RP[-0.2/4.34]? Observed Gaia EDR3 BP-RP colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullablePlx[3.92/7.83] Gaia EDR3 parallaxmaspos.parallaxfloatMass[0.09/3.84] Estimated stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatDiskPresence of a circumstellar disk?meta.codeintD[0.05/1.0] Clustering proximity parameter (1)stat.fit.paramfloatAAstrometric quality cut from SPYGLASS-I (1=pass; 0=fail) (2)meta.code.qualintPPhotometric quality cut from SPYGLASS-I (3)meta.code.qualintVVelocity membership cuts (4)meta.code.member;phys.velocintPYPhotometric membership calculation (5)meta.code.memberintJ/ApJ/941/49/table6*Catalog of binaries in CFNSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.id;meta.mainSys[0/78] System ID (1)meta.id.parentintSep[0/10113] Separation (2)AUpos.angDistanceintRA_ICRSGaia EDR3 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSGaia EDR3 Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGmag[6.5/20.2] Observed Gaia EDR3 G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatPlx[4.1/7.8] Gaia EDR3 parallaxmaspos.parallaxfloatMmCandidate member of the Cepheus Far North association (link to Table 2)meta.ref.urlintnullable