J/ApJ/941/106ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/941/106doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19410106CDSFarina E.P.Schindler J.-T.Walter F.Banados E.Davies F.B.,Decarli R.Eilers A.-C.Fan X.Hennawi J.F.Mazzucchelli C.,Meyer R.A.Trakhtenbrot B.Volonteri M.Wang F.Worseck G.Yang J.,Gutcke T.A.Venemans B.P.Bosman S.E.I.Costa T.De Rosa G.,Drake A.B.Onoue M.2026-02-03T20:01:37Z2025-05-13T12:34:29ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frquasarsblack-holesredshiftedabsolute-magnitudeinfrared-astronomyspectroscopymillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyWe present measurements of black hole masses and Eddington ratios ({lambda}_Edd_) for a sample of 38 bright (M_1450_<-24.4mag) quasars at 5.8<~z<~7.5, derived from Very Large Telescope/X-shooter near-IR spectroscopy of their broad CIV and MgII emission lines. The black hole masses (on average, M_BH_~4.6x10^9^M_{sun}_) and accretion rates (0.1<~{lambda}_Edd_<~1.0) are broadly consistent with that of similarly luminous 0.3<~z<~2.3 quasars, but there is evidence for a mild increase in the Eddington ratio above z>~6. Combined with deep Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the [CII]158um line from the host galaxies and VLT/MUSE investigations of the extended Ly{alpha} halos, this study provides fundamental clues to models of the formation and growth of the first massive galaxies and black holes. Compared to local scaling relations, z>~5.7 black holes appear to be over-massive relative to their hosts, with accretion properties that do not change with host galaxy morphologies. Assuming that the kinematics of the T~10^4^K gas, traced by the extended Ly{alpha} halos, are dominated by the gravitational potential of the dark matter halo, we observe a similar relation between black hole mass and circular velocity as reported for z~0 galaxies. These results paint a picture where the first supermassive black holes reside in massive halos at z>~6 and lead the first stages of galaxy formation by rapidly growing in mass with a duty cycle of order unity. The duty cycle needs to drastically drop toward lower redshifts, while the host galaxies continue forming stars at a rate of hundreds of solar masses per year, sustained by the large reservoirs of cool gas surrounding them.2022ApJ...941..106Fhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/941/106CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/286 : SDSS quasar cat., fourteenth data release (Paris+, 2018)J/ApJ/613/682 : AGN masses and broad-line region sizes (Peterson+, 2004)J/ApJS/166/470 : SDSS-Spitzer type I QSOs IR photometry (Richards+, 2006)J/AJ/131/2766 : QSO luminosity function from SDSS-DR3 (Richards+, 2006)J/AJ/133/2222 : Clustering of high-redshift QSOs from SDSS (Shen+, 2007)J/MNRAS/386/1605 : Luminous K-band selected QSOs from UKIDSS (Maddox+, 2008)J/ApJ/690/20 : Models of the AGN and BH populations (Shankar+, 2009)J/ApJ/699/800 : Mass functions of active black holes (Vestergaard+, 2009)J/MNRAS/405/2302 : Improved redshifts for SDSS QSO spectra (Hewett+, 2010)J/ApJ/708/137 : Broad-line AGNs in zCOSMOS survey (Merloni+, 2010)J/MNRAS/410/860 : Redshift dependence of BAL QSOs (Allen+, 2011)J/ApJS/194/45 : QSO properties from SDSS-DR7 (Shen+, 2011)J/ApJ/728/23 : GALEX UV-bright high-redshift quasars (Worseck+, 2011)J/ApJ/753/125 : NIR spectro. follow-up of 60 SDSS-DR7 QSOs (Shen+, 2012)J/ApJ/764/45 : Luminosity function of BL QSOs. II. (Kelly+, 2013)J/A+A/568/A9 : 300-2500nm flux calibration ref. spectra (Moehler+, 2014)J/ApJ/806/128 : Space telescope RM project. I. NGC5548 (De Rosa+, 2015)J/ApJ/805/96 : SDSS-RM project: vel. dispersions of QSOs (Shen+, 2015)J/ApJS/227/11 : PS1 z>5.6 quasars follow-up (Banados+, 2016)J/ApJ/819/24 : z>4.5 QSOs with SDSS and WISE. I. Opt. spe. (Wang+, 2016)J/MNRAS/465/2120 : Correcting CIV-based virial BH masses (Coatman+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/133 : Continuum-H{beta} light curves of 5 Sy1 (De Rosa+, 2018)J/ApJ/857/126 : Quasars Probing Quasars. IX. (QPQ9) (Lau+, 2018)J/ApJ/865/56 : Em. line & R-band continuum LCs of 17 QSOs (Lira+, 2018)J/ApJ/863/144 : ELQS in SDSS footprint. II. (Schindler+, 2018)J/ApJ/887/268 : QSOs in South. Hemisphere (QUBRICS) (Calderone+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/196 : REQUIEM survey. I. Lya halos around QSOs (Farina+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/38 : SDSS RM Project: CIV lags & LCs; 4yrs of data (Grier+, 2019)J/MNRAS/488/1035 : AGN UV luminosity function (Kulkarni+, 2019)J/MNRAS/487/3305 : BL velocity shifts in 1.5<z<7.5 QSOs (Meyer+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/258 : ELQS in SDSS. III. The ELQS QSO cat. (Schindler+, 2019)J/ApJ/873/35 : Gemini GNIRS NIR sp. of 50 QSOs at z>~5.7 (Shen+, 2019)J/ApJ/901/55 : SDSS-RM project: MgII lags; 4yrs (Homayouni+, 2020)J/ApJ/905/51 : X-SHOOTER/ALMA QSOs at 5.78<z<7.54. I. (Schindler+, 2020)J/ApJ/915/129 : 13yr of spectrophot. monitored QSOs (Kaspi+, 2021)J/AJ/162/72 : Random forests method to discover high-z QSOs (Wenzl+, 2021)J/ApJ/923/262 : NIR spectroscopic obs. of z>6.5 quasars (Yang+, 2021)J/other/Nat/605.244 : XQR-30 quasars sample (Bischetti+, 2022)J/ApJS/259/18 : SHELLQs. XVI. New quasars at 5.8<z<7 (Matsuoka+, 2022)J/A+A/667/A9 : Unveiling warm dense ISM phase in QSOs (Pensabene+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/106https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/106http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/941/106https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/106https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/106http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/941/106GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/941/106/table1 (Properties of the quasars observed with X-shooter)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/106/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/106/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/106/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.393612517.086305560.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/941/106/table5 (List of z>~5.7 quasars from the literature with MgII based black hole masses)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/106/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/106/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/941/106/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.107375-6.43461110.0055555555555555566/471 2187 2584 2694 4096 4172 4279 4341 4467 5016 5049 5208 5440 5624 5630 6239 6287 6470 6502 7297 8598 8632 8713 9231 9373 9392 9439 9469 9831 10320 10456 10512 10756 10935 11440 11916 12576 13358 13418 16531 16554 16641 16868 17068 17236 17358 17362 17668 17681 17701 17770 17872 18064 18155 18175 18181 18717 18773 19033 19205 19440 19849 20083 20116 21020 22683 23150 23519 23737 25330 25589 26239 26282 26306 26470 26524 26526 26650 26869 26973 27022 27041 27124 27301 27327 27440 27676 27700 27781 28260 28319 30036 30906 32361 33695 33762 34762 35100 35304 35518 35615 35727 35895 36182 36269 36300 36709 36838 40924 44429 44463 45513 46983 47961 48715 48899 48922https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/941/106?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/941/106/table1Properties of the quasars observed with X-shooterrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameQSO namemeta.id;meta.maincharIDAbbreviated identifiermeta.idcharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainzSys[5.78/7.6] Redshiftsrc.redshift;pos.heliocentricfloate_zSys[0.0001/0.003] zSys uncertaintystat.errorfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharn_zSyszSys methodmeta.notecharr_zSyszSys reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharJmag[17.6/22] J-band (AB) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_Jmag[0.02/0.2] Uncertainty on the Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatM1450[-29.1/-24.4] 1450{AA} absolute (AB) magnitudemagphys.magAbsfloate_M1450[0/0.3] Lower uncertainty on M1450magstat.error;stat.minfloatE_M1450[0/0.2] Upper uncertainty on M1450magstat.error;stat.maxfloatRefDiscovery reference (1)meta.bibcharNotesNotesmeta.notecharJ/ApJ/941/106/table5List of z>~5.7 quasars from the literature with MgII based black hole massesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintt1QSO observed with X-shooter (Table 1)meta.ref.urlcharIDQuasar abbreviated identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainzSys[5.8/7.7] Systemic redshiftsrc.redshift;pos.heliocentricfloate_zSys[0.0001/0.05]? Systemic redshift errorstat.errorfloatnullableMethodMethod for systemic redshiftmeta.note;meta.id;spect.linecharM1450[-30/-23] Absolute monochromatic magnitude at 1450{AA}, (AB) magmagphys.magAbsfloatFWHMMgII[1280/10126] MgII FWHM (2)(1)km/sspect.line.widthinte_FWHMMgII[8/8519]? Lower uncertainty (15.9 percentile) on MgII-FWHM (1)(2)km/sstat.error;stat.min;spect.line.widthintnullableE_FWHMMgII[8/8519]? Upper uncertainty (84.1 percentile) on MgII-FWHM (1)(2)km/sstat.error;stat.max;spect.line.widthintnullableL3000[0.1/29.8] Continuum model luminosity at 3000{AA}1e+39Wphys.luminosityfloate_L3000[0.005/0.8]? Lower uncertainty (15.9 percentile) on L30001e+39Wstat.error;stat.min;phys.luminosityfloatnullableE_L3000[0.005/0.8]? Upper uncertainty (84.1 percentile) on L30001e+39Wstat.error;stat.max;phys.luminosityfloatnullableLbol[0.53/154] Bolometric luminosity1e+39Wphys.luminosityfloatMBH-S11[0.04/19.3] VW01 MgII Black hole mass; Shen+ (2011, J/ApJS/194/45)1e+09solMassphys.massfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableLEdd-S11[0.03/1.8] VW01 MgII Eddington luminosity ratio; Shen+ (2011, J/ApJS/194/45)phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatRefReferences (3)meta.refchar