J/ApJ/939/105ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/939/105doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19390105CDSBrethauer D.Margutti R.Milisavljevic D.Bietenholz M.F.Chornock R.,Coppejans D.L.De Colle F.Hajela A.Terreran G.Vargas F.,DeMarchi L.Harris C.Jacobson-Galan W.V.Kamble A.Patnaude D.,Stroh M.C.2025-02-18T20:14:14Z2024-11-20T08:16:18ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaeinterstellar-mediumx-ray-sourcesstellar-massesWe present the results from our 7yr long broadband X-ray observing campaign of SN 2014C with Chandra and NuSTAR. These coordinated observations represent the first look at the evolution of a young extragalactic SN in the 0.3-80keV energy range in the years after core collapse. We find that the spectroscopic metamorphosis of SN 2014C from an ordinary type Ib SN into an interacting SN with copious hydrogen emission is accompanied by luminous X-rays reaching Lx~5.6x10^40^erg/s (0.3-100keV) at ~1000 days post-explosion and declining as Lx{propto}t^-1^ afterwards. The broadband X-ray spectrum is of thermal origin and shows clear evidence for cooling after peak, with T(t)~20keV(t/t_pk_)^-0.5^. Soft X-rays of sub-keV energy suffer from large photoelectric absorption originating from the local SN environment with NH_int_(t)~3x10^22^(t/400days)^-1.4^cm^-2^. We interpret these findings as the result of the interaction of the SN shock with a dense (n~10^5^-10^6^cm^-3^), H-rich disk-like circumstellar medium (CSM) with inner radius ~2x10^16^cm and extending to ~10^17^cm. Based on the declining NH_int_(t) and X-ray luminosity evolution, we infer a CSM mass of ~(1.2f-2.0f^0.5^)M_{sun}_, where f is the volume filling factor. We place SN 2014C in the context of 121 core-collapse SNe with evidence for strong shock interaction with a thick circumstellar medium. Finally, we highlight the challenges that the current mass-loss theories (including wave-driven mass loss, binary interaction, and line-driven winds) face when interpreting the wide dynamic ranges of CSM parameters inferred from observations.2022ApJ...939..105Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/939/105CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/sn : Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Barbon et al., 1999-)B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)VIII/76 : Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI (Kalberla+ 2005)J/ApJ/742/L18 : Follow-up phot. of the SN IIb PTF 11eon (Arcavi+, 2011)J/other/Sci/337.444 : RV curves of Galactic massive O stars (Sana+, 2012)J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)J/A+A/555/A10 : Light curves of 5 type IIn supernovae (Taddia+, 2013)J/ApJ/785/37 : Type Ic SN 2010mb optical photometry (Ben-Ami+, 2014)J/ApJ/782/42 : Panchromatic observations of PTF11qcj (Corsi+, 2014)J/ApJ/789/104 : SNe IIn observations and properties (Ofek+, 2014)J/MNRAS/449/1921 : UV/optical/NIR phot. for Type Ibn SNe (Pastorello+, 2015)J/MNRAS/449/1941 : Optical/NIR phot. of OGLE-2012-SN-006 (Pastorello+, 2015)J/A+A/579/A40 : PESSTO catalog (Smartt+, 2015)J/MNRAS/449/1876 : Photometric observations of SN PTF11iqb (Smith+, 2015)J/MNRAS/464/2672 : ASAS-SN bright SN catalogue 2013-2014 (Holoien+, 2017)J/ApJ/854/L14 : Phot. and spectra of SN 2017dio (Kuncarayakti+, 2018)J/ApJ/885/43 : UBVRI & ugriz photometry of SN 2017gmr (Andrews+, 2019)J/ApJ/881/87 : 9 epochs spectroscopy of type I SN 201iet (Gomez+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/169 : UV-Opt light curves of the type Ic SN 2018gep (Ho+, 2019)J/ApJ/879/112 : Chandra multi-epoch study of NGC7331 (Jin+, 2019)J/MNRAS/482/1545 : Berkeley stripped-envelope SNe (Shivvers+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/75 : NIR sp. of SN2014C post-explosion (Tinyanont+, 2019)J/ApJ/902/55 : 19yrs of radio & X-ray obs. of SN 2001em (Chandra+, 2020)J/ApJ/898/166 : UV to NIR obs. of SN 2019ehk (Jacobson-Galan+, 2020)J/A+A/635/A39 : Photometry of SN 2015da (Tartaglia+, 2020)J/ApJ/900/11 : Spectra of SN 2017eaw after explosion (Weil+, 2020)J/ApJ/908/75 : Radio obs. of 330 Core-collapse SNe (Bietenholz+, 2021)J/ApJ/907/99 : Pre-explosion LCs of 227 Supernovae (Strotjohann+, 2021)J/A+A/650/A174 : SN 2018ijp transient gri light curves (Tartaglia+, 2021)J/A+A/646/A22 : SN 2020faa multiphotometry and spectra (Yang+, 2021)J/ApJ/924/55 : UV & optical obs. of type Ic SN 2020oi (Gagliano+, 2022)J/other/Nat/601.201 : Photometry of SN 2019hgp (Gal-Yam+, 2022)J/ApJ/924/15 : Final moments. I. SN2020tlf (Jacobson-Galan+, 2022)J/ApJ/927/180 : Type Icn SN2021csp photometry & spectra (Perley+, 2022)J/ApJ/930/57 : Multiwavelength monitoring of SN 2014C (Thomas+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/939/105https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/939/105http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/939/105https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/939/105https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/939/105http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/939/105GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/939/105/table7 (Mass-loss data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/939/105/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/939/105/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/939/105/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true83.86675-69.26974170.0055555555555555566/765 1700 2333 2564 4178 4181 4459 4552 4671 5587 5715 5797 5973 5999 6048 6323 7173 7228 7240 7386 7606 7782 7835 8004 8106 8256 8359 9635 9702 9800 9873 9898 9955 10158 10574 10609 10636 10761 10979 11027 11044 11068 11246 12071 12452 12553 12758 12764 13518 13522 14895 15593 16411 17207 17235 17594 18398 18869 19033 19614 19627 19710 21047 21198 21916 22739 22751 25438 25591 25958 26076 26175 26914 27514 27537 27643 27741 27907 28023 28035 28146 28238 28253 28291 28485 28529 28671 30970 31359 32509 32976 33094 33228 33601 33958 34361 34726 36773 36789 36908 37429 38156 38222 38313 39108 40808 40811 40893 41586 42025 43233 43948 44947 45037 46170 46999 48665https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/939/105?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/939/105/table7Mass-loss datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSN identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharTypeSN typesrc.classcharGroup[1/3] SN group (1)meta.codeintDMethDetection methodmeta.code;obscharloStart[0/5500]? Lower interaction start time estimate (2)dtime.epoch;stat.minfloatnullableupStart[0/5600]? Upper interaction start time estimate (2)dtime.epoch;stat.maxfloatnullableRefReference bibcode (s)meta.bib.bibcodechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainloRi[0/5e+17]? Lower circumstellar medium (CSM) inner radius estimatecmphys.size.radius;stat.mindoublenullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableloStop[1/9090]? Lower interaction stop time estimate (2)dtime.epoch;stat.minfloatnullableupStop[3/9510]? Upper interaction stop time estimate (2)dtime.epoch;stat.maxfloatnullableupRi[0/5e+17]? Upper CSM inner radius estimatecmphys.size.radius;stat.maxdoublenullableloRo[1.8e+13/1e+18]? Lower CSM outer radius estimatecmphys.size.radius;stat.mindoublenullableupRo[2.7e+13/1e+18]? Upper CSM outer radius estimatecmphys.size.radius;stat.maxdoublenullableloWVel[1/10000]? Lower wind velocity estimatekm/sphys.veloc;arith.ratio;stat.mindoublenullableupWVel[10/10000]? Upper wind velocity estimatekm/sphys.veloc;arith.ratio;stat.maxdoublenullableWMethWind methodmeta.code;obscharloMdot[3.2e-9/6]? Lower mass-loss rate estimatesolMass/yrphys.mass.loss;stat.mindoublenullableupMdot[3e-6/137]? Upper mass-loss rate estimatesolMass/yrphys.mass.loss;stat.maxdoublenullableloMass[1.6e-6/31.4]? Lower CSM mass estimatesolMassphys.mass;stat.mindoublenullableupMass[0.0001/150]? Upper CSM mass estimatesolMassphys.mass;stat.maxdoublenullableloTime[0.002/6500]? Lower onset time of mass loss estimate (3)yrtime.epoch;stat.mindoublenullableupTime[0.004/100000]? Upper onset time of mass loss estimate (3)yrtime.epoch;stat.maxdoublenullableJ/ApJ/939/105/table2Chandra X-ray observations of SN 2014CrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObsID[16005/23216] Chandra observation identifiermeta.id;obsintMJD[56964.3/58957.8] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleDateDate of observation (UT)time.epochnullableExp[12/32.2] Exposure timekstime.duration;obs.exposurefloatPhase[308.3/2301.8] Phasedtime.intervalfloatCtR[0.01/0.05] 0.5-8keV count ratect/sphot.count;em.X-raydoublee_CtR[0.0009/0.002] CtR uncertaintyct/sstat.errordoublesigma[46.4/340.1] Source significance, {sigma}stat.fit.goodnessfloatJ/ApJ/939/105/table4NuSTAR X-ray observations of SN 2014Ce_CtR[0.0004/0.0008] CtR uncertaintyct/sstat.errordoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObsID[40102014001/80001085002] NuSTAR observation identifiermeta.id;obsMJD[57051.86/58969.8] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleDateDate of observation (UT)time.epochnullableExp[22.4/54.2] Exposure timekstime.duration;obs.exposurefloatPhase[126.2/2314.8] Phasedtime.intervalfloatCtR[0.0078/0.02] 3-79keV count ratect/sphot.count;em.X-raydoublesigma[15.1/24] Source significance, {sigma}stat.fit.goodnessfloat