J/ApJ/934/180ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/934/180doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19340180CDSKun E.Bartos I.Becker Tjus J.Biermann P.L.Franckowiak A.,Halzen F.2024-11-06T20:26:24Z2024-09-06T14:39:50ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frneutrino-astronomygamma-ray-astronomyx-ray-sourcesradio-sourcesThe origin of astrophysical high-energy neutrinos detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory remains a mystery to be solved. In this paper we search for neutrino source candidates within the 90% containment area of 70 track-type neutrino events recorded by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By employing the Fermi-LAT 4FGL-DR2, the Swift-XRT 2SXPS, and the CRATES catalogs, we identify possible gamma-ray, X-ray, and flat-spectrum radio candidate sources of track-type neutrinos. We find that based on the brightness of sources and their spatial correlation with the track-type IceCube neutrinos, the constructed neutrino samples represent special populations of sources taken from the full Fermi-LAT 4FGL-DR2/Swift-XRT 2SXPS/CRATES catalogs with similar significance (2.1{sigma}, 1.2{sigma}, 2{sigma} at 4.8GHz, 2.1{sigma} at 8.4GHz, respectively, assuming 50% astrophysical signalness). After collecting redshifts and deriving subsamples of the CRATES catalog complete in the redshift-luminosity plane, we find that the 4.8GHz (8.4GHz) subsample can explain between 4% and 53% (3% and 42%) of the neutrinos (90% C.L.), when the probability of detecting a neutrino is proportional to the (k-corrected) radio flux. The overfluctuations indicate that a part of the sample is likely to contribute and that more sophisticated schemes in the source catalog selection are necessary to identify the neutrino sources at the 5{sigma} level. Our selection serves as a starting point to further select the correct sources.2022ApJ...934..180Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/934/180CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/172 : First Byurakan Survey (FBS) (Markarian+, 1989)VIII/40 : GB6 catalog of radio sources (Gregory+ 1996)VIII/38 : The Parkes-MIT-NRAO 4.85GHz (PMN) Surveys (Griffith+ 1993-1996)VIII/72 : CLASS survey of radio sources (Myers+, 2003)IX/58 : 2SXPS Swift X-ray telescope point source catalogue (Evans+, 2020)IX/67 : Incremental Fermi LAT 4th source cat. (4FGL-DR3) (Fermi-LAT col., 2022)J/other/APh/26.282 : AGN neutrino source candidates (Achterberg+, 2006)J/ApJS/171/61 : All-Sky Survey of Flat-Spectrum Radio Sources (Healey+, 2007)J/ApJ/716/30 : SED of Fermi bright blazars (Abdo+, 2010)J/MNRAS/410/2690 : CRATES sources at 30 GHz (Peel+, 2011)J/ApJS/232/18 : The third Fermi-LAT >10GeV catalog (3FHL) (Ajello+, 2017)J/A+A/632/A77 : 3HSP blazars catalog (Chang+, 2019)J/ApJS/247/33 : The Fermi LAT fourth source catalog (4FGL) (Abdollahi+, 2020)J/ApJ/892/105 : 4th catalog of Fermi LAT-detected AGNs (4LAC) (Ajello+, 2020)J/A+A/650/A83 : Radio flux densities of neutrino associations (Hovatta+, 2021)J/A+A/657/A138 : Classification of Swift and XMM-Newton sources (Tranin+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/934/180https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/934/180http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/934/180https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/934/180https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/934/180http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/934/180GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/934/180/table1 (Neutrino source candidates from 10-year Fermi-LAT Point Source Catalogue (4FGL))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true307.5321.00.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/934/180/table3 (Neutrino source candidates from the Swift-XRT 2SXPS catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true29.621.230.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/934/180/table4 (Neutrino source candidates from CRATES catalog of flat spectrum radio sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/934/180/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true307.5321.00.0055555555555555566/183 611 1547 4923 8385 8640 10398 12786 12810 12909 16586 17115 17822 18808 19029 19053 19188 19296 19735 20963 21090 23015 24096 24236 25279 25665 25962 26140 26941 27195 27332 27423 27938 28017 28354 28382 28407 29676 29737 31050 31332 31970 32729 34593 36299 40845 42704 43920 44082 44258 44681 48266 486473.180513520130092e-24 5.5658981862942334e-24https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/934/180?format=asciiGamma-rayX-rayRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/934/180/table1Neutrino source candidates from 10-year Fermi-LAT Point Source Catalogue (4FGL)IDNeutrino ID (<IceCube-YYMMDDA> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000[15.6/358] Right Ascension of arrival direction (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainE_RAJ2000[0.39/3] Upper uncertainty on RAdegdegstat.error;stat.max;pos.eq.rafloate_RAJ2000[0.58/3.3] Lower uncertainty on RAdegdegstat.error;stat.min;pos.eq.rafloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharDEJ2000[-37.5/35.6] Declination of arrival direction (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainE_DEJ2000[0.47/3] Upper uncertainty on DEdegdegstat.error;stat.max;pos.eq.decfloate_DEJ2000[0.3/2.5] Lower uncertainty on DEdegdegstat.error;stat.min;pos.eq.decfloat4FGL4FGL-DR2 source ID (JHHMM.m+DDMM)meta.id.assoccharRA4Gdeg[15.87/358] Right Ascension of 4FGL-DR2 (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;em.gammaDE4Gdeg[-38/35.4] Declination of 4FGL-DR2 (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;em.gammaFlux[0.39/236] Flux between 0.1-100GeV1e-10ph.s**-1.cm**-2phot.flux;em.gamma.hardfloatMJD[55387.54/58714.73] Modified Julian date of detection (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintJ/ApJ/934/180/table3Neutrino source candidates from the Swift-XRT 2SXPS catalogIDNeutrino ID (<IceCube-YYMMDDA> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.maincharprimarySimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJD[55056.7/58694.9] Modified Julian date of detection (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoubleRAJ2000[29.6/358] Right Ascension of arrival direction (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainE_RAJ2000[0.4/3] Upper uncertainty on RAdegdegstat.error;stat.max;pos.eq.rafloate_RAJ2000[0.28/3.3] Lower uncertainty on RAdegdegstat.error;stat.min;pos.eq.rafloatDEJ2000[-37.5/35.6] Declination of arrival direction (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainE_DEJ2000[0.18/3] Upper uncertainty on DEdegdegstat.error;stat.max;pos.eq.decfloate_DEJ2000[0.2/2.5] Lower uncertainty on DEdegdegstat.error;stat.min;pos.eq.decfloat2SXPS2SXPS source identifier (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)meta.id.assoccharRASwdeg[29.79/359] Right Ascension of 2SXPS (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;em.X-rayDESwdeg[-38/35.2] Declination of 2SXPS (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;em.X-rayRmSw[0.003/0.4] Mean rate between 0.3-10keVct/sphot.count;em.X-rayfloatE_RmSw[0.001/0.03] Upper uncertainty on RmSwct/sstat.error;stat.max;phot.countfloate_RmSw[0.001/0.023] Lower uncertainty on RmSwct/sstat.error;stat.min;phot.countfloatSNRSw[10.1/274.9] Signal-to-noise ratiostat.snr;em.X-rayfloatJ/ApJ/934/180/table4Neutrino source candidates from CRATES catalog of flat spectrum radio sourcesIDNeutrino ID (<IceCube-YYMMDDA> in Simbad)meta.id;meta.maincharprimarye_RAJ2000[0.5/3.3] Lower uncertainty on RAdegdegstat.error;stat.min;pos.eq.rafloatDEJ2000[-37.8/35.6] Declination of arrival direction (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainE_DEJ2000[0.35/3] Upper uncertainty on DEdegdegstat.error;stat.max;pos.eq.decfloate_DEJ2000[0.25/2.5] Lower uncertainty on DEdegdegstat.error;stat.min;pos.eq.decfloatCRATESCRATES radio source (JHHMMSS+DDMMSS)meta.id.assoccharRACdeg[15.4/359.6] Right Ascension of CRATES (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;em.radioDECdeg[-38.1/35.1] Declination of CRATES (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;em.radioS4.8GHz[65/11192] Detected flux at 4.8GHzmJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.3-6GHzintS8.4GHz[0/25850.5] Detected flux at 8.4GHzmJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.6-12GHzfloatTypeMorphology type (2)meta.code;src.morph.type;em.radiocharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJD[55387.5/58694.9] Modified Julian date of detection (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoubleRAJ2000[15.6/358] Right Ascension of arrival direction (J2000) (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainE_RAJ2000[0.45/3] Upper uncertainty on RAdegdegstat.error;stat.max;pos.eq.rafloat