J/ApJ/933/14ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/933/14doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19330014CDSHosseinzadeh G.Berger E.Metzger B.D.Gomez S.Nicholl M.,Blanchard P.2024-11-06T20:26:06Z2024-07-18T13:56:22ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaephotometryvisible-astronomyspectroscopyRecent work has revealed that the light curves of hydrogen-poor (TypeI) superluminous supernovae (SLSNe), thought to be powered by magnetar central engines, do not always follow the smooth decline predicted by a simple magnetar spin-down model. Here we present the first systematic study of the prevalence and properties of "bumps" in the post-peak light curves of 34 SLSNe. We find that the majority (44%-76%) of events cannot be explained by a smooth magnetar model alone. We do not find any difference in supernova properties between events with and without bumps. By fitting a simple Gaussian model to the light-curve residuals, we characterize each bump with an amplitude, temperature, phase, and duration. We find that most bumps correspond with an increase in the photospheric temperature of the ejecta, although we do not see drastic changes in spectroscopic features during the bump. We also find a moderate correlation ({rho}~0.5; p~0.01) between the phase of the bumps and the rise time, implying that such bumps tend to happen at a certain "evolutionary phase," (3.7+/-1.4)t_rise_. Most bumps are consistent with having diffused from a central source of variable luminosity, although sources further out in the ejecta are not excluded. With this evidence, we explore whether the cause of these bumps is intrinsic to the supernova (e.g., a variable central engine) or extrinsic (e.g., circumstellar interaction). Both cases are plausible, requiring low- level variability in the magnetar input luminosity, small decreases in the ejecta opacity, or a thin circumstellar shell or disk.2022ApJ...933...14Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/933/14CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/sn : Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Barbon et al., 1999-)V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)II/349 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)J/ApJ/696/870 : Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) (Drake+, 2009)J/other/Nat/474.484 : Light curves of 4 supernovae (Quimby+, 2011)J/MNRAS/437/656 : SN PS1-11ap light curves (McCrum+, 2014)J/ApJ/797/24 : Imaging observations of iPTF 13ajg (Vreeswijk+, 2014)J/MNRAS/459/3939 : Type II supernova light curves (Valenti+, 2016)J/ApJ/836/25 : Swift UVOT light curves of ASASSN-15lh (Margutti+, 2017)J/ApJ/835/58 : PTF 12dam & iPTF 13dcc follow-up (Vreeswijk+, 2017)J/ApJ/860/100 : LCs of 26 hydrogen-poor superluminous SNe (De Cia+, 2018)J/ApJ/852/81 : 17 PS1 superluminous SNe LCs + classif. sp. (Lunnan+, 2018)J/ApJ/901/61 : LCs of 4 SLSNe from the ZTF survey (Lunnan+, 2020)J/ApJ/902/L8 : Opt & NIR spectra of ZTF19aawfbtg (SN2019hge) (Yan+, 2020)http://gsaweb.ast.cam.ac.uk/alerts : Gaia Photometric Science Alerts homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/933/14https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/933/14http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/933/14https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/933/14https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/933/14http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/933/14GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/933/14/table1 (Final superluminous supernova (SLSN) sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/933/14/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/933/14/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/933/14/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true199.8341258.92897220.0055555555555555566/2734 5117 5757 6069 6519 7782 8568 9138 9438 9599 10122 10306 10705 11188 13264 13351 15045 17741 17749 18630 20246 20742 25516 25684 26515 26634 26760 26983 27329 31518 32509 35953 36489 46178https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/933/14?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/933/14/table1Final superluminous supernova (SLSN) sampleSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSetSet (1)meta.codecharNameName of the SNmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryf_NameFlag on Name (2)meta.codecharz[0.03/0.87] Redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatRefReference (3)meta.refcharModRefMOSFiT model referencemeta.ref;meta.modelledcharNpNumber of new photometry measurements for this SN (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableBumpDisplay the bump properties for this SN if any (link to Fig4)meta.ref.urlintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharspMMTInteractive MMT spectrum plotmeta.ref.urlcharspInteractive GMOS-N spectrum plotmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/933/14/table3New photometry of 5 SLSNeNameSupernova namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian Date of observation (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoubleFiltFilter (BVgriz)meta.id;instr.filtercharl_omagUpper limit flag on omagmeta.code.error;phot.magcharomag[14.57/22.72] Apparent magnitude in Filtmagphot.magfloate_omag[0.005/0.4]? Uncertainty in omagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharJ/ApJ/933/14/fig4Bump properties of 26 supernovaeNameSupernova namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEint[1e+40/1.4e+50] Bump integrated energy (model independent)W.dphys.energyfloatAmp[0.16/3.3] Bump amplitudesrc.var.amplitudefloate_Amp[0.01/2] Uncertainty in Ampstat.error;src.var.amplitudefloatMJDpk[54357.9/58890.2] Peak MJD of the bumpdtime.epoch;stat.maxfloate_MJDpk[0.3/81.1] Uncertainty in MJDpkdstat.error;time.epoch;stat.maxfloatFWHM[7.4/146] FWHM of the bump, observer framedtime.intervalfloate_FWHM[0.5/93] Uncertainty in FWHMdstat.error;time.intervalfloatEbump[1e+40/1.5e+50] Bump integrated energy (model)1e-07Jphys.energyfloate_Ebump[1e+40/3.6e+49] Uncertainty in Ebump1e-07Jstat.error;phys.energyfloatphase-dur[323/20622] Bump phase times bump duration, rest framed**2time.phaseinte_phase-dur[39/16811] Uncertainty in phase-durd**2stat.error;time.phaseintTbump[4.4/12.2] Bump temperaturekKphys.temperaturefloate_Tbump[0.4/1.2] Uncertainty in TbumpkKstat.error;phys.temperaturefloatphase[46.5/257] Bump phase, rest framedtime.phasefloate_phase[0.4/58.1] Uncertainty in phasedstat.error;time.phasefloatdur[6.4/104.6] Bump duration, rest framedtime.durationfloate_dur[0.5/87.2] Uncertainty in durdstat.error;time.durationfloat