J/ApJ/930/135ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/930/135doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19300135CDSLehmer B.D.Eufrasio R.T.Basu-Zych A.Garofali K.Gilbertson W.,Mesinger A.Yukita M.2024-11-06T20:25:19Z2024-05-06T13:05:57ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesvisible-astronomyx-ray-sourcesspectral-energy-distributionintergalactic-mediumHigh-energy emission associated with star formation has been proposed as a significant source of interstellar medium (ISM) ionization in low-metallicity starbursts and an important contributor to the heating of the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the high-redshift (z>~8) universe. Using Chandra observations of a sample of 30 galaxies at D~200-450Mpc that have high specific star formation rates of 3-9Gyr^-1^ and metallicities near Z~0.3Z_{sun}_, we provide new measurements of the average 0.5-8keV spectral shape and normalization per unit star formation rate (SFR). We model the sample-combined X-ray spectrum as a combination of hot gas and high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) populations and constrain their relative contributions. We derive scaling relations of logL_0.5-8keV_^HMXB^/SFR=40.19+/-0.06 and logL_0.5-2keV_^gas^/SFR=39.58_-0.28_^+0.17^; significantly elevated compared to local relations. The HMXB scaling is also somewhat higher than L_0.5-8keV_^HMXB^-SFR-Z relations presented in the literature, potentially due to our galaxies having relatively low HMXB obscuration and young and X-ray luminous stellar populations. The elevation of the hot gas scaling relation is at the level expected for diminished attenuation due to a reduction of metals; however, we cannot conclude that an L_0.5-2keV_^gas^-SFR-Z relation is driven solely by changes in ISM metal content. Finally, we present SFR-scaled spectral models (both emergent and intrinsic) that span the X-ray-to-IR band, providing new benchmarks for studies of the impact of ISM ionization and IGM heating in the early universe.2022ApJ...930..135Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/930/135CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)II/349 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)J/ApJ/681/1163 : Late-type galaxies in Chandra deep fields (Lehmer+, 2008)J/MNRAS/419/2095 : HMXBs in nearby galaxies (Mineo+, 2012)J/MNRAS/421/1043 : Emission-line galaxies from SDSS DR7 (Shirazi+, 2012)J/ApJ/776/L31 : Energy feedback from XRB from z=0 to z=19.92 (Fragos+, 2013)J/ApJ/764/41 : X-ray binary evolution across cosmic time (Fragos+, 2013)J/ApJ/825/7 : Evolution of ~6Ms CDF-S galaxies (Lehmer+, 2016)J/AJ/155/81 : Diffuse X-ray-emitting gas in major mergers (Smith+, 2018)J/ApJS/243/3 : Chandra observations of SINGS galaxies (Lehmer+, 2019)J/AJ/158/169 : Gas exhaust of starburst engines in mergers (Smith+, 2019)J/MNRAS/498/4790 : Ultralum. X-ray sources in local Universe (Kovlakas+, 2020)J/ApJ/907/17 : HMXB-dominant galaxy sample and properties (Lehmer+, 2021)http://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/SDSS/DR7/ : MPA-JHU DR7 homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/930/135https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/930/135http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/930/135https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/930/135https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/930/135http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/930/135GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/930/135/galaxies (Galaxy (Table 1) and X-ray properties (Table 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/930/135/galaxies?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/930/135/galaxies?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/930/135/galaxies?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5.2541670.880.0055555555555555566/4449 4758 4798 5018 5033 5350 5757 6087 6438 7241 7354 7518 8364 8730 8773 9272 9512 9833 10790 11033 18098 19327 26339 26483 26505 27067 27370 31396https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/930/135?format=asciiX-rayOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/930/135/galaxiesGalaxy (Table 1) and X-ray properties (Table 2)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableE_Lx[8/63] Upper uncertainty in Lx (7)1e+32Wstat.error;stat.maxfloatNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000) (1)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000) (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainNHgal[0.9/5] Galactic column density, in 10+20cm^-2^ (2)1e+16m**-2phys.columnDensity;pos.galacticfloatDist[187.6/452.4] Adopted distanceMpcpos.distancefloatamaj[3.4/13] Extraction region, semi-major axis or radiusarcsecphys.size.smajAxis;src.orbitalfloatbmin[1.9/7]? Extraction region, semi-minor axis if ellipticalarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxis;obs.fieldfloatnullablePA[0/254]? Extraction region, position angle (E of N) if ellipticaldegpos.posAng;obs.fieldintnullablelogMs[7.9/9.4] Log, galactic stellar mass (3)log(solMass)phys.massfloatE_logMs[0.04/0.2] Upper uncertainty in logMstarlog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logMs[0.04/0.2] Lower uncertainty in logMstarlog(solMass)stat.errorfloatSFR[0.4/15.4] Star formation rate (3)solMass/yrphys.SFRfloatE_SFR[0.03/0.9] Upper uncertainty in SFRsolMass/yrstat.error;stat.maxfloate_SFR[0.03/0.7] Lower uncertainty in SFRsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatO/H[8.1/8.2] Adopted estimate, average oxygen abundance (4)phys.abund;stat.meanfloatObsID[13013/22513] Chandra ObsIDmeta.noteintExp[11/24] Exposure timekstime.duration;obs.exposureintScnts[2/53] Total 0.5-8keV counts (5)ctphot.count;em.X-rayintBcnts[1/13] Estimated 0.5-8keV background counts, Section 4.1ctinstr.background;em.X-ray.mediumfloatAcnst[0.03/4.6] Best-fit constant scaling factor (6)ctarith.factorfloatE_Acnst[0.2/2.1] Upper uncertainty in Acnst (7)ctstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Acnst[0.03/2] Lower uncertainty in Acnst (7)ctstat.errorfloatCsrc[22/167] C-statistic, best-fit source modelstat.fit.paramintCsrc-exp[38/173] Expected value of the C statistic (8)stat.fit.paramintCsrc-var[276/376] Variance of expected value of C statistic (8)stat.varianceinte_Lx[0.8/57] Lower uncertainty in Lx (7)1e+32Wstat.errorfloatCgl[28/174] C-statistic, best-fit global modelstat.fit.paramintCgl-exp[50/144] Expected value of the C statistic (8)stat.fit.paramintCgl-var[295/374] Variance of expected value of C statistic (8)stat.varianceintPgl[0.004/1] Null-hypothesis probability, global model (9)stat.fit.goodnessfloatPS1Display data from PS1 (II/349) within 3"meta.ref.urlcharSloanDisplay the online SDSS-DR17 data for the nearest objectmeta.ref.urlcharPsrc[0.06/1] Null-hypothesis probability, source model (9)stat.fit.goodnessfloatFx[0.9/195] Model 0.5-8keV fluxes, 10^-16^erg/cm^2^/s1e-19W.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-rayfloatE_Fx[10/49] Upper uncertainty in Fx (7)1e-19W.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloate_Fx[0.9/42] Lower uncertainty in Fx (7)1e-19W.m**-2stat.errorfloatLx[0.8/312] Model 0.5-8keV luminosities, 10^39^erg/s1e+32Wphys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatNameAdopted galaxy designation (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharJ/ApJ/930/135/table4SFR-normalized model SEDrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintlogE[-3/1.6] Log, Energylog(keV)em.energyfloatlogWave[-0.5/4.1] Log, wavelength, Angstromlog(0.1nm)em.wlfloatELE1-st[0/1078] Emergent SED, Stellar component (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRintELE1-gas[0/0.5] Emergent SED, Hot gas (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRfloatELE1-HMXB[0/0.9] Emergent SED, HMXB (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRfloatELE1-tot[0/1080] Emergent SED, Total (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRintELE2-st[0/2611] Intrinsic SED, Stellar component (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRintELE2-gas[0/9.93] Intrinsic SED, Hot gas (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRfloatELE2-HMXB[0/0.82] Intrinsic SED, HMXB (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRfloatELE2-tot[0/2610] Intrinsic SED, Total (1)1e+33W.yr.solMass**-1phys.SFRint