J/ApJ/929/76ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/929/76doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19290076CDSSheehan P.D.Tobin J.J.Looney L.W.Megeath S.T.2024-11-06T20:25:05Z2024-04-29T11:28:42ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomystellar-massesstellar-agesstellar-radiiWe present Markov Chain Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling of a joint ALMA 345GHz and spectral energy distribution data set for a sample of 97 protostellar disks from the VLA and ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Orion Protostars. From this modeling, we derive disk and envelope properties for each protostar, allowing us to examine the bulk properties of a population of young protostars. We find that disks are small, with a median dust radius of 29.4_-2.7_^+4.1^au and a median dust mass of 5.8_-2.7_^+4.6^M_{Earth}_. We find no statistically significant difference between most properties of Class 0, Class I, and flat-spectrum sources with the exception of envelope dust mass and inclination. The distinction between inclination is an indication that the Class 0/I/flat-spectrum system may be difficult to tie uniquely to the evolutionary state of protostars. When comparing with Class II disk dust masses in Taurus from similar radiative transfer modeling, we further find that the trend of disk dust mass decreasing from Class 0 to Class II disks is no longer present, though it remains unclear whether such a comparison is fair owing to differences in star-forming region and modeling techniques. Moreover, the disks we model are broadly gravitationally stable. Finally, we compare disk masses and radii with simulations of disk formation and find that magnetohydrodynamical effects may be important for reproducing the observed properties of disks.2022ApJ...929...76Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/929/76CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJS/86/713 : IR spectroscopy of ices (Hudgins+, 1993)J/ApJ/540/236 : KH photometry of Orion Nebula Cluster (Hillenbrand+, 2000)J/ApJ/684/1240 : Prestellar cores in Perseus, Serpens & Oph (Enoch+, 2008)J/A+A/481/345 : SED evolution in massive YSOs (Molinari+, 2008)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/36 : APEX observations of HOPS protostars (Stutz+, 2013)J/A+A/568/L5 : HH 212 CO, CS and 850um ALMA images (Codella+, 2014)J/A+A/563/L2 : NGC1333-IRAS2A CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI 1mm maps (Maury+, 2014)J/ApJS/220/11 : SEDs of Spitzer YSOs in the Gould Belt (Dunham+, 2015)J/ApJ/828/46 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. I. (Ansdell+, 2016)J/ApJ/827/142 : ALMA obs. of GKM stars in Upper Sco (Barenfeld+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/5 : Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS): SEDs (Furlan+, 2016)J/A+A/592/A18 : Molecule and grain abundances (Marchand+, 2016)J/ApJ/831/125 : ALMA 887um obs. of ChaI star-forming region (Pascucci+, 2016)J/ApJ/818/73 : Study of protostars in Perseus molecular cloud (Tobin+, 2016)J/ApJ/845/44 : 340GHz SMA obs. of 50 nearby protopl. disks (Tripathi+, 2017)J/ApJ/869/L41 : DSHARP I. Sample, ALMA obs. log and overview (Andrews+, 2018)J/ApJ/859/21 : ALMA survey of Lupus protopl. disks. II. (Ansdell+, 2018)J/ApJ/869/L42 : DSHARP. II. Annular substructures data (Huang+, 2018)J/ApJS/238/19 : VANDAM IV. Free-free emissions (Tychoniec+, 2018)J/AJ/157/144 : Protoplanetary disk masses in Taurus (Ballering+, 2019)J/A+A/626/A11 : Corona Australis ALMA and X-Shooter data (Cazzoletti+, 2019)J/MNRAS/482/698 : Oph DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA). I. (Cieza+, 2019)J/ApJ/875/L9 : ODISEA: Disk dust mass distributions (Williams+, 2019)J/ApJ/905/119 : HOPS: Herschel/PACS 70 and 160um obs. (Fischer+, 2020)J/ApJ/890/130 : VANDAM survey of Orion protostars. II. (Tobin+, 2020)J/A+A/640/A27 : Protoplanetary disk masses in NGC 2024 (van Terwisga+, 2020)J/ApJ/913/123 : ALMA survey of protopl. disks in Lynds 1641 (Grant+, 2021)J/A+A/645/A55 : Catalogue of cold cores in Perseus (Pezzuto+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/929/76https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/929/76http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/929/76https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/929/76https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/929/76http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/929/76GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/929/76/table1 (Best-fit radiative transfer model parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/929/76/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/929/76/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/929/76/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true88.538061.71436890.0055555555555555566/21403 21425 21428 21430 21436 21438 22804-22805 22854-22855 22861 22873 22876 235601.5239960011708423e-22 2.283270615984385e-22https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/929/76?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/929/76/table1Best-fit radiative transfer model parametersNameSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLum[0.1/150] Protostar luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatE_Lum[0.04/103] Upper uncertainty on LumsolLumstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Lum[0.008/35] Lower uncertainty on LumsolLumstat.errorfloatMdust[0.1/175] Dust mass of the disk(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatE_Mdust[0.2/363] Upper uncertainty on Mdust(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_Mdust[0.08/140] Lower uncertainty on Mdust(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatMg+d[3.7e-5/0.06] Gas + dust mass of the disksolMassphys.massdoubleE_Mg+d[7e-5/0.2] Upper uncertainty on Mg+dsolMassstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Mg+d[2.4e-5/0.05] Lower uncertainty on Mg+dsolMassstat.errordoubleRd[3.7/334] Critical radius of the diskAUphys.size.radiusfloatE_Rd[0.3/816] Upper uncertainty on RdAUstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Rd[0.5/93] Lower uncertainty on RdAUstat.errorfloatRin[0.1/24] Inner radius of the diskAUphys.size.radiusfloatE_Rin[0.07/6] Upper uncertainty on RinAUstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Rin[0.005/5] Lower uncertainty on RinAUstat.errorfloatgamma[-0.5/1.9] Surface density power law exponentspect.indexfloatE_gamma[0.01/2] Upper uncertainty on gammastat.error;stat.maxfloate_gamma[0/2.1] Lower uncertainty on gammastat.errorfloath0[0.01/0.5] Scale height of the disk at 1 auAUphys.sizefloatE_h0[0.007/0.3] Upper uncertainty on h0AUstat.error;stat.maxfloate_h0[0.002/0.3] Lower uncertainty on h0AUstat.errorfloatpsi[0.5/1.5] Disk flaring power lawspect.indexfloatE_psi[0.02/0.6] Upper uncertainty on psistat.error;stat.maxfloate_psi[0.02/1] Lower uncertainty on psistat.errorfloatE_amax[5.6/85650] Upper uncertainty on amaxumstat.error;stat.maxfloate_amax[0.2/43971] Lower uncertainty on amaxumstat.errorfloatF230[0.2/563] Disk-only flux at 230 GHzmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatF345[1/1894] Disk-only flux at 345 GHzmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzdoubleQmin[2.6/2779] Minimum Toomre-Q value in the diskstat.fit.paramdoubleE_Qmin[7/8765] Upper uncertainty on Qminstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Qmin[1.8/1860] Lower uncertainty on Qminstat.errordoubleMenvd[0.003/1833] Dust mass of the envelope(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoubleE_Menvd[0.2/3569] Upper uncertainty on Menvd(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Menvd[0.003/1015] Lower uncertainty on Menvd(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errordoubleMenv[1e-6/0.6] Gas + dust mass of the envelopesolMassphys.massdoubleE_Menv[7.2e-5/1.1] Upper uncertainty on MenvsolMassstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Menv[1e-6/0.4] Lower uncertainty on MenvsolMassstat.errordoubleRenv[114/35105] Radius of the envelopeAUphys.size.radiusfloatE_Renv[22/28789] Upper uncertainty on RenvAUstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Renv[10/23120] Lower uncertainty on RenvAUstat.errorfloatksi[0.56/1.5] Outflow cavity shape parameterstat.paramfloatE_ksi[0.01/0.9] Upper uncertainty on ksistat.error;stat.maxfloate_ksi[0.007/0.8] Lower uncertainty on ksistat.errorfloatfcav[0.004/1] Dust depletion factor in the envelopearith.factorfloatE_fcav[0.01/1] Upper uncertainty on fcavstat.error;stat.maxfloate_fcav[0.004/0.9] Lower uncertainty on fcavstat.errorfloatamax[1.3/43972] Maximum dust grain size in the diskumphys.size;stat.maxfloatp[2.5/4.5] Grain size distribution power law exponentstat.paramfloatE_p[0.05/2] Upper uncertainty on pstat.error;stat.maxfloate_p[0.05/1.8] Lower uncertainty on pstat.errorfloati[2/92] Inclination of the diskdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatE_i[0.4/84] Upper uncertainty on idegstat.error;stat.maxfloate_i[0.4/62] Lower uncertainty on idegstat.errorfloatPA[4.6/196] Position angle of the diskdegpos.posAngfloatE_PA[0.3/153] Upper uncertainty on PAdegstat.error;stat.maxfloate_PA[0.32/173] Lower uncertainty on PAdegstat.errorfloatk230[1.3/6.6] Dust opacity at 230 GHzcm**2.g**-1phys.absorption.coefffloatk345[1.6/12.3] Dust opacity at 345 GHzcm**2.g**-1phys.absorption.coefffloatbeta[0.5/2.7] Dust opacity power law index between 230 and 345GHzspect.indexfloatMtot[0.001/0.007] Total mass of system (Mtot=M*+Mdisk+Menv)solMassphys.massfloatE_Mtot[0.01/0.03] Upper uncertainty on MtotsolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Mtot[0/0.003] Lower uncertainty on MtotsolMassstat.errorfloatEnv/Tot[0/0.9] Ratio of Menv/Mtotphys.mass;arith.ratiofloatE_Env/Tot[0.002/0.8] Upper uncertainty on Env/Totstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Env/Tot[0/0.8] Lower uncertainty on Env/Totstat.errorfloatAge[6594/1395434] Age of the system estimated from Menv and Lumyrtime.ageintE_Age[7655/731430] Upper uncertainty on Ageyrstat.error;stat.maxinte_Age[5823/776633] Lower uncertainty on Ageyrstat.error;time.ageint_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main