J/ApJ/927/149ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/927/149doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19270149CDSLeroy A.K.Rosolowsky E.Usero A.Sandstrom K.Schinnerer E.,Schruba A.Bolatto A.D.Sun J.Barnes A.T.Belfiore F.Bigiel F.,den Brok J.S.Cao Y.Chiang I.-D.Chevance M.Dale D.A.,Eibensteiner C.Faesi C.M.Glover S.C.O.Hughes A.,Jimenez Donaire M.J.Klessen R.S.Koch E.W.Kruijssen J.M.D.Liu D.,Meidt S.E.Pan H.-A.Pety J.Puschnig J.Querejeta M.Saito T.,Sardone A.Watkins E.J.Weiss A.Williams T.G.2024-11-06T20:23:46Z2024-02-09T12:04:21ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frco-line-emissionmolecular-physicsinterstellar-mediumgalaxiessurveysWe measure the low-J CO line ratios R_21_=CO(2-1)/CO(1-0), R_32_=CO(3-2)/CO(2-1), and R_31_=CO(3-2)/CO(1-0) using whole-disk CO maps of nearby galaxies. We draw CO(2-1) from PHANGS-ALMA, HERACLES, and follow-up IRAM surveys; CO(1-0) from COMING and the Nobeyama CO Atlas of Nearby Spiral Galaxies; and CO(3-2) from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Nearby Galaxy Legacy Survey and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment Large APEX Sub-Millimetre Array mapping. All together, this yields 76, 47, and 29 maps of R_21_, R_32_, and R_31_ at 20"~1.3kpc resolution, covering 43, 34, and 20 galaxies. Disk galaxies with high stellar mass, log(M_*_/M_{sun}_)=10.25--11, and star formation rate (SFR)=1-5M_{sun}_/yr, dominate the sample. We find galaxy-integrated mean values and a 16%-84% range of R_21_=0.65(0.50-0.83), R_32_=0.50(0.23-0.59), and R_31_=0.31(0.20-0.42). We identify weak trends relating galaxy-integrated line ratios to properties expected to correlate with excitation, including SFR/M_*_ and SFR/L_CO_. Within galaxies, we measure central enhancements with respect to the galaxy-averaged value of ~0.18_-0.14_^+0.09^dex for R_21_, 0.27_-0.15_^+0.13^dex for R_31_, and 0.08_-0.09_^+0.11^dex for R32. All three line ratios anticorrelate with galactocentric radius and positively correlate with the local SFR surface density and specific SFR, and we provide approximate fits to these relations. The observed ratios can be reasonably reproduced by models with low temperature, moderate opacity, and moderate densities, in good agreement with expectations for the cold interstellar medium. Because the line ratios are expected to anticorrelate with the CO(1-0)-to-H2 conversion factor, {alpha}_CO_^1-0^, these results have general implications for the interpretation of CO emission from galaxies.2022ApJ...927..149Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/927/149CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/432/369 : Leiden Atomic & Molecular Database (LAMDA) (Schoeier+, 2005)J/ApJ/724/1336 : An extragalactic ^12^CO J=3-2 survey (Mao+, 2010)J/PASP/122/1397 : Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Gal. (Sheth+, 2010)J/ApJ/772/107 : Giant molecular clouds in nearby gal. (Donovan Meyer+, 2013)J/A+A/586/A50 : Central Molecular Zone H2CO temp. maps (Ginsburg+, 2016)J/ApJ/846/159 : Interferometric CO obs. of CALIFA galaxies (Bolatto+, 2017)J/A+A/604/A53 : ALLSMOG final DR. A new APEX CO survey (Cicone+, 2017)J/ApJ/835/217 : Density distributions for mm-wave line ratios (Leroy+, 2017)J/ApJS/233/22 : xCOLD GASS catalog (Saintonge+, 2017)J/MNRAS/476/875 : xGASS catalog (Catinella+, 2018)J/ApJ/858/90 : Radial profiles of 5 nearby galaxies (Gallagher+, 2018)J/ApJ/860/172 : Cloud-scale molecular gas in 15 galaxies (Sun+, 2018)J/ApJ/880/127 : EMPIRE: IRAM 30m dense gas survey (Jimenez-Donaire+, 2019)J/ApJS/244/24 : A z=0 Multiwavelength Galaxy Synthesis. I. (Leroy+, 2019)J/A+A/635/A131 : 12CO/13CO ratio in 126 nearby galaxy centers (Israel, 2020)J/ApJ/897/122 : Rot. velocities for PHANGS sample of galaxies (Lang+, 2020)J/ApJ/901/L8 : Molecular gas of 70 PHANGS-ALMA galaxies (Sun+, 2020)J/MNRAS/500/1261 : Resolved molecular gas in nearby galaxies (Chown+, 2021)J/ApJS/257/43 : PHANGS-ALMA: arcsecond CO imaging of gal. (Leroy+, 2021)J/ApJ/909/56 : A galaxy sample with CO(2-1) & CO(5-4) (Liu+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/927/149https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/927/149http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/927/149https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/927/149https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/927/149http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/927/149GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/927/149/table2 (Integrated CO line ratios and galaxy properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/927/149/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/927/149/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/927/149/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true179.717642.72250.0055555555555555566/2320 4149 4439 4511 5463 5492 5715 5751 5966 7241 7602 7604 7606 7659 7743 8106 10475 10761 10841 10856 10901 10927 11027 11246 11434 13522 15592 16655 17594 17747 17754 18398 25599 25790 25946 26090 26175 26271 26303 26472 27030 27514 27555 27728 27741 27861 27914 27917-27918 27937 27942 27955 28015 28035 28039 28123 28167 28304 28496 28631 34272 38390 38655 43881https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/927/149?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/927/149/table2Integrated CO line ratios and galaxy propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharNEDNED column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharLEDAmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyName of the Galaxymeta.id;meta.maincharLRIDReported Line Ratio name (1)meta.id;arith.ratio;spect.linecharPairShorthand for the pair of surveys used to make the measurement (2)meta.refcharDist[2.8/40] Adopted distance (3)Mpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatlogMs[8.7/11.4] Log of stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatlogSFR[-1.1/1.7] Log of star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatlogLCO10[7/9.8]? Log of best-estimate CO(1-0) luminosity (4)log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatnullablel_logRAT[ULN] Limit flag for logRAT (5)meta.code.errorchare_logLCO10[0/0.1]? Uncertainty in logLCO10log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatnullablelogLCO10cal[0.1]? Calibration uncertainty in logLCO10log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;obs.calib;phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogLCO21[6.5/9.6]? Log of best-estimate CO(2-1) luminosity (4)log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatnullablee_logLCO21[0.0/0.06]? Uncertainty in logLCO21log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatnullablelogLCO21cal[0.04/0.08]? Calibration uncertainty in logLCO21log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;obs.calib;phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogLCO32[6.7/9]? Log of best-estimate CO(3-2) luminosity (4)log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatnullablee_logLCO32[0/0.07]? Uncertainty in logLCO32log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;phys.luminosity;em.line.COfloatnullablelogLCO32cal[0.08]? Calibration uncertainty in logLCO32log(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;obs.calib;phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogRAT[-2.2/0.11]? Log of measured ratio LRIDspect.line.intensity;arith.ratio;em.line.COfloatnullablee_logRAT[0/0.1]? Uncertainty in logRATstat.error;spect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatnullablelogRATcal[0.09/0.13]? Calibration uncertainty in logRATstat.error;obs.calib;arith.ratiofloatnullablelogRATcTot[0.09/0.16]? Total uncertainty in logRATstat.error;spect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatnullable_RAPositions from SIMBAD galaxies (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from SIMBAD galaxies (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/927/149/table7CO emission from multi-density modelsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordinttkin[10/50] Kinetic temperature (1)Kphys.temperaturefloatcoldv[1e+15/3.2e+18] Column of CO per line width (1)cm**-2.km**-1.sphys.columnDensity;meta.modelled;em.line.COdoublen0[31.6/100000] Mean collider H2 density (2)cm**-1phys.densitydoublesigma[0.2/1.2] RMS width (2)stat.errorfloatemis10[2e-22/1.3e-19] Emissivity of H2 in the CO(1-0) transition (3)K.km.s**-1.cm**2phys.emissivity;phys.atmol.transProbdoubler21[0.16/3.21] CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) line ratio for the model (4)spect.line.intensity;arith.ratio;em.line.COfloatr32[0.046/1.6] CO(3-2)/CO(2-1) line ratio for the model (4)spect.line.intensity;arith.ratio;em.line.COfloatr31[0.008/5] CO(3-2)/CO(1-0) line ratio for the model (4)spect.line.intensity;arith.ratio;em.line.COfloat