J/ApJ/923/67ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/923/67doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19230067CDSHoman D.C.Cohen M.H.Hovatta T.Kellermann K.I.Kovalev Y.Y.,Lister M.L.Popkov A.V.Pushkarev A.B.Ros E.Savolainen T.2025-03-11T20:13:04Z2023-06-19T15:00:14ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleibl-lacertae-objectsradio-sourcessurveysgamma-ray-astronomyredshiftedspectral-energy-distributionWe present multiepoch, parsec-scale core brightness temperature observations of 447 active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets from the MOJAVE and 2cm Survey programs at 15GHz from 1994 to 2019. The brightness temperature of each jet over time is characterized by its median value and variability. We find that the range of median brightness temperatures for AGN jets in our sample is much larger than the variations within individual jets, consistent with Doppler boosting being the primary difference between the brightness temperatures of jets in their median state. We combine the observed median brightness temperatures with apparent jet speed measurements to find the typical intrinsic Gaussian brightness temperature of 4.1(+/-0.6)x10^10^K, suggesting that jet cores are at or below equipartition between particle and magnetic field energy in their median state. We use this value to derive estimates for the Doppler factor for every source in our sample. For the 309 jets with both apparent speed and brightness temperature data, we estimate their Lorentz factors and viewing angles to the line of sight. Within the BL Lac optical class, we find that high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs have smaller Doppler factors, lower Lorentz factors, and larger angles to the line of sight than intermediate and low-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs. We confirm that AGN jets with larger Doppler factors measured in their parsec-scale radio cores are more likely to be detected in {gamma} rays, and we find a strong correlation between {gamma}-ray luminosity and Doppler factor for the detected sources.2021ApJ...923...67Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/923/67CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/174 : IRAS 2Jy Redshift Survey Data File (Strauss+ 1992)II/282 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 6 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2007)III/175 : Optical spectroscopy of radio sources (Stickel+, 1989-94)VIII/34 : Parkes Half-Jansky Flat-Spectrum Sample (Drinkwater + 1997)VII/249 : 6dF-DR2 Galaxy Survey (Jones+, 2005)VII/259 : 6dF galaxy survey final redshift release (Jones+, 2009)VII/260 : The SDSS-DR7 quasar catalog (Schneider+, 2010)VII/279 : SDSS quasar catalog: twelfth data release (Paris+, 2017)VII/286 : SDSS quasar catalog, fourteenth data release (Paris+, 2018)J/PASP/97/932 : 3CR Source Identifications (Spinrad+, 1985)J/A+AS/80/103 : Optical spectroscopy of 1Jy, S4 and S5 sources (Stickel+ 1989)J/A+AS/96/389 : Warm IRAS sources. II. (de Grijp+, 1992)J/A+AS/97/483 : Optical spectroscopy of 1Jy, S4 and S5 sources (Stickel+ 1993)J/A+AS/98/393 : 1Jy BL Lac Objects: Observational Data (Stickel+ 1993)J/A+AS/100/395 : Optical spectroscopy of 1Jy, S4 and S5 sources (Stickel+ 1993)J/A+AS/105/67 : Optical spectroscopy of 1Jy, S4 and S5 sources (Stickel+ 1994)J/A+AS/105/211 : Optical identification status of 1Jy catalogue (Stickel+ 1994)J/A+AS/110/469 : AGN from the RASS (Bade+, 1995)J/AJ/109/14 : Optical spectroscopy of Abell clusters. I. (Owen+ 1995)J/AJ/112/1803 : Large Scale Structure (Marzke+ 1996)J/A+AS/115/1 : Optical identification of S5 catalog (Stickel+, 1996)J/A+AS/115/11 : Optical identifications of radio sources (Stickel+, 1996)J/AJ/115/1253 : Deep X-Ray Radio Blazar Survey (DXRBS). I. (Perlman+ 1998)J/PASP/111/438 : Updated Zwicky catalog (UZC) (Falco+, 1999)J/ApJ/525/127 : RGB sample of BL Lacertae objects (Laurent-Muehleisen+, 1999)J/ApJS/121/287 : The CfA2S catalog (Huchra+, 1999)J/ApJS/126/133 : The FIRST bright quasar survey. II. (White+, 2000)J/ApJS/145/199 : Opt. spectroscopic atlas of low-redshift AGN (Marziani+, 2003)J/ApJ/590/109 : Gamma-ray blazar in northern sky (Sowards-Emmerd+, 2003)J/ApJS/150/181 : Redshifts of 110 radio-loud AGNs (Eracleous+, 2004)J/AJ/130/1389 : Linear polarization of AGN jets at 15GHz (Lister+, 2005)J/AJ/130/1418 : AGN jet kinematics (Jorstad+, 2005)J/AJ/130/2473 : Fine-scale structure in 250 sources at 15GHz (Kovalev+, 2005)J/ApJ/626/95 : Gamma-ray blazar candidates (Sowards-Emmerd+, 2005)J/A+A/445/441 : SED of BL Lacertae objects (Nieppola+, 2006)J/A+A/463/97 : Optical observations of GPS radio sources (Labiano+, 2007)J/A+A/476/L17 : 86 and 43GHz observations of NRAO 150 (Agudo+, 2007)J/ApJ/667/673 : FIRST-2MASS red quasar survey (Glikman+, 2007)J/ApJS/175/97 : CGRaBS: survey of {gamma}-ray blazar cand. (Healey+, 2008)J/A+A/488/867 : Synchrotron peak frequency of 135 AGN (Nieppola+, 2008)J/AJ/138/1874 : MOJAVE. VI. Kinematic analysis of blazar jets (Lister+, 2009)J/ApJS/180/67 : Phot. selection of quasars from SDSS. II. (Richards+, 2009)J/ApJ/715/429 : First Fermi-LAT AGN catalog (1LAC) (Abdo+, 2010)J/AJ/139/390 : Opt. selected BL Lac objects from SDSS-DR7 (Plotkin+, 2010)J/ApJ/740/98 : Synchroton peak for blazars and radio galaxies (Meyer+, 2011)J/ApJ/742/27 : 15GHz and jet properties of MOJAVE blazars (Lister+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/171 : The 2LAC catalog (Ackermann+, 2011)J/ApJS/194/29 : Observations of blazars at 15GHz (Richards+, 2011)J/ApJS/199/26 : The 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS) (Huchra+, 2012)J/A+A/538/A26 : BL Lac objects beyond z=1.3 (Rau+, 2012)J/ApJ/748/49 : Optical spectroscopy of 1LAC broad-line blazars (Shaw+, 2012)J/MNRAS/430/2464 : The CLASS BL Lac sample (Marcha+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/14 : MASIV survey III. Optical identifications (Pursimo+, 2013)J/ApJ/764/135 : Spectroscopic redshifts of BL Lac objects (Shaw+, 2013)J/ApJ/810/14 : Third catalog of LAT-detected AGNs (3LAC) (Ackermann+, 2015)J/ApJ/798/134 : MOJAVE. XII. Acceleration of blazar jets (Homan+, 2015)J/MNRAS/450/3568 : Non-Fermi blazar sample (Xiong+, 2015)J/MNRAS/462/3180 : 3FGL Blazar of Unknown Type classification (Chiaro+, 2016)J/ApJS/232/18 : The third Fermi-LAT >10GeV catalog (3FHL) (Ajello+, 2017)J/A+A/598/A17 : The 2WHSP catalog (Chang+, 2017)J/ApJ/846/98 : Jet kinematics of blazars at 43GHz with VLBA (Jorstad+, 2017)J/ApJS/233/3 : The VLBA Extragalactic Proper Motion Cat. (Truebenbach+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/137 : Bright blazars variability brightness temp. (Liodakis+, 2018)J/ApJS/234/12 : MOJAVE XV. VLBA obs. of AGN jets 1996-2016 (Lister+, 2018)J/ApJ/853/68 : Multi-epoch VLBA imaging of 20 Tev blazars (Piner+, 2018)J/A+A/632/A77 : 3HSP blazars catalog (Chang+, 2019)J/ApJ/874/43 : MOJAVE. XVII. pc-scale jet kinematics of AGNs (Lister+, 2019)J/ApJ/892/105 : 4th catalog of Fermi LAT-detected AGNs (4LAC) (Ajello+, 2020)J/MNRAS/495/3576 : AGN jet shape transition geometry (Kovalev+, 2020)J/A+A/643/A103 : Fermi-LATi low-energy counterparts (Pena-Herazo+, 2020)J/A+A/650/A83 : Radio flux densities of neutrino associations (Hovatta+, 2021)J/ApJ/923/30 : MOJAVE. XVIII. Bright radio-loud active AGNs (Lister+, 2021)http://www.cv.nrao.edu/MOJAVE/ : MOJAVE program home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/67https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/67http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/67https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/67https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/67http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/67GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/67/mojave19 (Source properties (Table 1), brightness temperatures and apparent speeds (Table 3) and Doppler factors and derived properties (Table 4))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/67/mojave19?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/67/mojave19?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/67/mojave19?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.488230838.33754140.0055555555555555566/18 60 110 514 532 556 579 674 700 893 911 968 1085 1154 1263 1342 1450 1509 1546 1622 1700-1702 1782 2122 2140 2143 2214 2228 2280 2397 2414 2549 2574 2710 2721 2836 2929 3017 3024 3052 3096 3099 3309 3492 3616 3675 3710 3712 3784 3820 3876 3882 3886 3951 3971 4027 4054 4080 4285 4572 4685 4695 4770 4820 4865 4964 4977 5139 5154 5353 5423 5448 5458 5460 5546 5597 5693 5767 5817 5848 6018 6088 6164 6252 6368 6496 6507 6641 6647 6777 6815 6822 6853 6888 6948 6963 6984 6996 7004 7045 7091 7181 7226 7235 7371 7389 7446 7548 7570 7653 7745 7758 7857 7896 7969 8004 8031 8177 8199 8220 8299 8466 8487 8515 8615 8699 8717 8915 9003 9075 9204 9248 9347 9442 9460 9545 9570 9612 9629 9632-9633 9676 9688 9711 9714 9998 10006 10163 10170 10249-10250 10352 10422 10501 10548 10681 10921 11045 11153 11212 11242 11430 11522-11523 11529 11552 11631 11639-11640 11649 11715 11845 12047 12241 12323 12352 12444 12466 12475 12580 12599 12604 12619 12625 12664 12851 12896 13156 13230 13320 13352 13410 13447 13485 13496 13572 13582 13693 13729 13820 13927 14068 14338 14520 14641 14737 14744 14797 14842 14854 14858 15023 15067 15147 15211 15286 15373 15490 15494 15916 15969 16027 16049 16059 16093 16113 16184 16247 16272 16281 16298 16301 16355 16720 17184 17186 17351 17364 17414 17516 17541 17579 17857 17917 17927 18002 18005 18035 18037 18158 18214 18253 18378 18457 18506 18624 18661 18669 18718 18821 18907 19088 19101 19109 19177 19190 19271 19370 19373 19398 19487 19523 19567 19593 19622 19831 19878 20099 20224 20468 20836 20888 20920 20935 21121 21266 21358 21437 21564 21574 21758 21768 21793 21873 21924 21935 21960 21968 21972 22363 22375 22396 22501 22658 22894 22917 22950 23014-23015 23099 23121 23127 23323 23416 23691 23786 23897 24084 24123 24260 24444 24571 24775 24828 24845 25016 25196 25255 25302 25409 25503 25630 25649 25742 25818 25864 26083 26115 26131 26292 26303 26340 26363 26491 26550 26614 26898 26900 26966 27060 27124 27138 27144 27243 27310 27417 27423 27433 27765 28083 28117 28139 28225 28249 28315 28339 28454 28479 28492 28517 29016-29017 29570 29620 29675 29714 29772 29952 30012 30446 30667 31190 31211 31391 31399 31430 31451 31461 31559 31599 31656 31663-31664 31773 31894 31930 31986 32034 32311 32345 32660 32764 34675 35706 35786 36058 36090 36151 36554 36602 38763 40353 40434 40479 40527 40730 40762 40766 40811 40874 40885 42901 42980 44147 44153 44247 44526 44730 44791 44805 44908 45011 46963-46964 48023 48123 48595 48610 48798 48846 48965 49071 49083https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/923/67?format=asciiGamma-rayRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/923/67/mojave19Source properties (Table 1), brightness temperatures and apparent speeds (Table 3) and Doppler factors and derived properties (Table 4)l_Tb-75Limit flag on Tb-75meta.code.errorcharTb-75[9.8/13.3] log of peak Gaussian brightness temperature at 75% of distributionlog(K)phys.temperature;stat.maxfloatf_Tb-75Flag on Tb-75 (G1)meta.codecharl_Tb-maxLimit flag on Tb-maxmeta.code.errorcharTb-max[9.9/13.8] log of maximum peak Gaussian brightness temperaturelog(K)phys.temperature;stat.maxfloatf_Tb-maxFlag on Tb-max (G1)meta.codecharl_VarLimit flag on Varmeta.code.errorcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDSource name in truncated B1950.0 coordinatesmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryAliasAlias namemeta.idcharz[0.004/3.4]? Redshiftsrc.redshiftdoublenullableClassOptical Class (1)meta.code.classcharMOJ1.5[YN] Member of the MOJAVE 1.5Jy QC samplemeta.codecharSEDSED class (2)meta.codecharnu-peak[11.8/17.7]? log of SED Peak in Observer Framelog(Hz)em.freqfloatnullableLgamma[41.7/49]? log of {gamma}-ray luminosity; see Section 3.1.1log(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.gammafloatnullableRef1Reference (bibcode) for Redshift+Optical Classificationmeta.ref;pos.framecharRef2Reference (bibcode) for SED propertiesmeta.ref;pos.framecharN[5/180] Number of Epochsmeta.numberintl_Tb-minLimit flag on Tb-minmeta.code.errorcharTb-min[9/12.5] log of minimum peak Gaussian brightness temperaturelog(K)phys.temperature;stat.min;stat.maxfloatf_Tb-minFlag on Tb-min (G1)meta.codecharl_Tb-25Limit flag on Tb-25meta.code.errorcharTb-25[9.4/12.6] log of peak Gaussian brightness temperature at 25% of distributionlog(K)phys.temperature;stat.maxfloatf_Tb-25Flag on Tb-25 (G1)meta.codecharl_Tb-medLimit flag on Tb-medmeta.code.errorcharTb-med[9.7/13] log of median peak Gaussian brightness temperaturelog(K)phys.temperature;stat.medianfloatf_Tb-medFlag on Tb-med (G1)meta.codecharVar[0.04/0.94]? Variability index of Gaussian brightness temperaturesrc.var.indexfloatnullableNs[1/51]? Number of robust speeds meeting criteria (Section 2.2)meta.numberintnullableBeta-max[0.02/41.5]? Fastest apparent speedphys.velocfloatnullablee_Beta-max[0.002/8]? Uncertainty in Beta-maxstat.errorfloatnullableBeta-med[0.012/34.8]? Median apparent speedphys.veloc;stat.medianfloatnullablee_Beta-med[0.002/5]? Uncertainty in Beta-medstat.errorfloatnullableBeta-close[0.012/34.8]? Apparent speed of feature that is closest to the core in its first measured epochphys.velocfloatnullablee_Beta-close[0.002/7.3]? Uncertainty in Beta-closestat.errorfloatnullablel_deltaLimit flag on deltameta.code.error;pos.eq.decchardelta[0.13/195.1] Doppler factor (3)spect.dopplerParamfloatGamma[1/1787]? Lorentz factor derived from delta, Beta-maxstat.fit.paramdoublenullabletheta[0.02/145]? Angle to the line of sight from delta, Beta-maxdegpos.posAng;spect.linefloatnullabletheta-src[1.8/179.1]? Angle to the line of sight in the co-moving framedeginstr.offsetfloatnullablePapXVIIDisplay data from Paper XVII (Lister+ 2019, J/ApJ/874/43)meta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/923/67/table2Brightness temperature fitting resultsEpochEpochtime.epochnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDSource name in truncated B1950.0 coordinatesmeta.id;meta.maincharnu-obs[14.24/15.5] Central Observing FrequencyGHzem.freqfloatBmaj[0.36/3] Naturally weighed beam, major axismasphys.angSizefloatBmin[0.3/2] Naturally weighed beam, minor axismasphys.angSize;srcfloatBpa[-90/90] Naturally weighed beam, position angle E of Ndegpos.posAng;instr.beamfloatCX[-3/30.4] Center location of removed clean component areamasphys.angSizefloatCY[-1.1/27.1] Center location of removed clean component areamasphys.angSizefloatCfact[1/2.81] Factor times beam dimensions used for removing clean componentsarith.factor;instr.setup;instr.beamfloatSG[0.0028/28.43] Flux density of fitted GaussianJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.12-30GHzfloatl_Omega-majLimit flag on Omega-majmeta.code.errorcharOmega-maj[0.024/1.52] Fitted Gaussian, major axismasphys.angSize;meta.modelledfloatl_Omega-minLimit flag on Omega-minmeta.code.errorcharOmega-min[0.008/0.9] Fitted Gaussian, minor axismasphys.angSize;meta.modelledfloatOmega-pa[-90/90] Fitted Gaussian, position angle, E of Ndegpos.posAng;meta.modelledfloatsigma-rms[0.039/159] RMS residual noise (1)mJy/beamstat.fit.residual;instr.det.noisefloatl_TbLimit flag on Tbmeta.code.errorcharTb[9/13.8] log of peak brightness temperature (2)log(K)phys.temperature;stat.maxfloatf_TbFlag on Tb (G1)meta.codechar