J/ApJ/923/129ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/923/129doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19230129CDSJaehnig K.Bird J.Holley-Bockelmann K.2024-09-02T20:12:22Z2023-07-21T08:30:39ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clustersproper-motionsvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxinterstellar-reddeningphotometrytwo-color-diagramsstellar-distanceOpen clusters are groups of stars that form at the same time, making them an ideal laboratory to test theories of star formation, stellar evolution, and dynamics in the Milky Way disk. However, the utility of an open cluster can be limited by the accuracy and completeness of its known members. Here, we employ a "top-down" technique, Extreme Deconvolution Gaussian Mixture Models (XDGMMs), to extract and evaluate known open clusters from Gaia DR2 by fitting the distribution of stellar parallax and proper motion along a line of sight. Extreme deconvolution techniques can recover the intrinsic distribution of astrometric quantities, accounting for the full covariance matrix of the errors; this allows open cluster members to be identified even when presented with relatively uncertain measurement data. To date, open cluster studies have only applied extreme deconvolution to specialized searches for individual systems. We use XDGMMs to characterize the open clusters reported by Ahumada & Lapasset (2007A&A...463..789A) and are able to recover 420 of the 426 open clusters therein (98.1%). Our membership list contains the overwhelming majority (>95%) of previously known cluster members. We also identify a new, significant, and relatively faint cluster member population and validate their membership status using Gaia eDR3. We report the fortuitous discovery of 11 new open cluster candidates within the lines of sight we analyzed. We present our technique, as well as its advantages and challenges, and publish our membership lists and updated cluster parameters.2021ApJ...923..129Jhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/923/129CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/A+AS/141/371 : Low-mass stars evolutionary tracks (Girardi+, 2000)J/A+A/463/789 : Blue stragglers in open clusters (Ahumada+, 2007)J/ApJS/194/9 : X-ray star clusters in the Carina complex (Feigelson+, 2011)J/A+A/564/A79 : Proper motions of open clusters from UCAC4 (Dias+, 2014)J/ApJ/787/107 : Spatial structure of young stellar cl. I. (Kuhn+, 2014)J/AJ/154/87 : Stellar pop. of the young star cluster NGC6231 (Kuhn+, 2017)J/A+A/618/A93 : Gaia DR2 open clusters in the MW (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2018)J/A+A/615/A49 : TGAS star membership in open clusters (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2018)J/A+A/618/A59 : GaiaDR2 confirmed new nearby open cl. (Castro-Ginard+, 2018)J/MNRAS/478/5184 : UCAC5 open clusters membership and PM (Dias+, 2018)J/AJ/156/121 : Likely open cluster NGC 6405 members (Gao, 2018)J/MNRAS/480/5242 : (non-)existence of five sparse open clusters (Kos+, 2018)J/A+A/624/A8 : Evolved Gal. open cl. dynamical properties (Angelo+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A108 : Age of 269 GDR2 open clusters (Bossini+, 2019)J/A+A/624/A126 : New open cl. in Perseus direction (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2019)J/A+A/627/A35 : New open cl. in Galactic anti-centre (Castro-Ginard+, 2019)J/ApJS/245/32 : Newly identified star clusters in Gaia DR2 (Liu+, 2019)J/A+A/625/A115 : Ruprecht 147 DANCe. I. (Olivares+, 2019)J/ApJ/887/19 : Gaia stars in Price-Whelan 1 (Price-Whelan+, 2019)J/A+A/633/A99 : Gaia DR2 open clusters in the MW. II (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2020)J/A+A/640/A1 : Portrait Galactic disc (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2020)J/A+A/635/A45 : Open clusters in the Galactic disc (Castro-Ginard+, 2020)J/MNRAS/496/2021 : New Galactic open clusters (Ferreira+, 2020)J/AJ/160/279 : Untangling the Galaxy. II. Within 3kpc (Kounkel+, 2020)J/A+A/646/A104 : Improving the open cluster census. I. (Hunt+, 2021)J/ApJ/912/162 : Open clusters in solar neighborhood (Pang+, 2021)J/MNRAS/503/3279 : GALAH survey. Gal. disc with open clusters (Spina+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/129https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/129http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/923/129https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/129https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/129http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/923/129GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/129/table1 (Cluster parameters for 420 open clusters confirmed in this work and 11 newly discovered open clusters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/129/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/129/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/129/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true34.86258.3010.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/923/129/table2 (Individual membership measurements)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/129/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/129/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/923/129/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true34.904637862767858.23900399573610.0055555555555555564/28 110 193 196 5/91 116-118 120-121 123-124 126 212 324 431 482 608-609 735 761 792 813-815 825-826 896 900-902 908 910 1019 1063 1074 1171 1174 1177 1180-1181 3514 3577 3590 3661 3688 3869 3898 3905 4111 4120 4122 4133 4144 5190 5199 5382 5384 5408 5411 5429 5443 5514 5554 5717 5875 5881 5883-5884 5886 5909 5940 6057 6084 6086 6127 6130 7023 7111 7120-7122 7177 7317 7377-7378 7567 7609 7947 9307 9310 9329 9337 9398 9447 9504 9822 9843 9928 9944 9951 9956 9958 10017 10361 10424 10458 10552 10556 6/321 325 329 336 338-340 342 344 353 356-357 360-362 368 370 376-378 382 413 428 436-437 439 443-444 476 478-479 488-489 491 500 503 509 511 788 832 836-837 839 856 885 1065 1160 1162 1194 1285 1287 1300 1302-1303 1308 1319 1325 1379 1382 1385 1388 1446-1447 1452-1453 1457-1458 1464 1481 1483-1484 1512 1514 1539 1545 1580 1582-1583 1653 1683 1702 1705 1707 1714 1717 1719-1720 1722-1723 1730 1737-1742 1752 1757 1778 1782-1783 1787-1789 1923 1954 2347 2349-2351 2393-2396 2398 2416-2417 2440-2441 2990-2991 3014-3015 3021 3035 3038 3050-3052 3056-3058 3060-3061 3066 3072 3076 3110-3111 3114 3121-3126 3133 3135 3152-3153 3160 3172 3179-3180 3186-3187 3192-3193 3227 3230 3245 3247 3249-3251 3277 3298 3308-3310 3333 3335 3344 3346 3373 3378 3384 3589 3591 3597 3612 3614 3621-3623 3626 3636 3638-3639 3644 3648-3650 3672 3674 3710-3713 3715 3718 3724 3793 3795-3798 4075 4247 4277 4290 4320-4321 4335 4675 4677-4679 4681 4683 4689-4691 4694-4695 4700 4702-4703 4705 4716-4717 4719 4728-4729 4732 4782-4783 4872 6148-6149 6717 6719 6760 6762 6795 6817 6894-6895 12941 12943 12955 12958 12988 12990 13193 13195-13196 13198 13866-13867 13952-13953 13990-13991 13996 14013 14015 14029 14031 14033 14039-14040 14042 14045 14051 14060 14062 14173 14175 14197 14208 14210-14211 14216-14218 14256 14258 14262-14263 14268-14269 14293 14295 14301 14306 14312 14314 14316 14320 14322 14328 14353 14364 14366 14384-14385 14388 14415 14417 14419 14573 14575 14584 14586 14622 14628-14630 14636 14641 14643 14690-14691 14696 14740-14741 14749 14751 14779 14792 14794 15121 15379 15381 15385 15424-15425 15430 15436 15443 15455 15473 15475 15481 15484-15485 15632 15634 15662-15663 15710-15711 15732-15733 15748-15749 15757 15759 15770 15827 15833 16437 16439 16443 16459 16486-16487 16492 16494 16531 16540-16541 16543 16580 16582 16584-16585 16592 20562 20568 20754-20755 20758 20764 20766 20814 20833 20836 20903 20909 20957 21363 21369 21372 21438-21439 21517 21521-21524 21526 21532 21534 21543 21549 21551 21554 21556-21557 21559-21560 21562 21575 21586 21592 21650 21656-21657 21669 21671 21677 21682 21688 21771 21786 21796-21797 22021 22023 22038 22044 22119 22121-22123 22126 22130 22197 22199 22208 22215 22223-22225 22237 22239 22243 22245 22249 22251-22252 22254 22432-22433 22498-22499 22505 22804-22805 22876-22877 22885 22887 23399 23405 23410-23411 23416-23417 23494-23495 23498 23507 23512 23514-23515 23518 23520 23522-23523 23529 23531 23541-23542 23548-23549 23552 23554 23560 23580 23599 23610 23612 23620-23621 23632-23633 23635 23645 23659 23674-23675 23685 23695-23696 23706 23716-23717 23719 23728 23730 23744-23745 23768-23769 23808 23810 23816 23861 23904 23906 23962-23964 23966 23980 23982 23984 24051 24057 24115 24120-24121 24203 24206-24207 24225 24227 24232 24236 24330 24333 24335 24340 24342 24348 24350 24477 24479 24483 24489 24491 24495 24507 24544 28071 28078-28079 28085 28087 28123 28129-28131 28133-28134 28136-28138 28140-28141 28144 28150-28154 28156 28431 28433 28439-28442 28453 28467 28469-28470 28492 28494-28496 28498 28500 28502 28504 28506 28509 28515-28516 28526 28716-28717 28720 28722 28728 28800 28802-28803 28805-28807 28809 28812-28813 28816 28818-28819 28822 28825 28865 28867-28868 28870 28890-28891 28912-28913 28915-28916 28918 29026-29027 29032-29033 29064 29066 29081 29083-29084 29086 29095 29106 29113 29440 29442 29461 29463 29504 29506 29522-29523 29525 29533 29866 30208 30215 30221 30226 30232 30308 30323 30329 30335 30444-30445 30448 30450 30456 30635 30638 30653 31785 31787 31809 31812 31814 31873 31876 33099-33100 33102 37215 37222-37223 37225-37227 37234-37235 37237 37246 37312-37313 37315 37328-37330 37334-37335 37340 37345 37375 37583 37586-37587 37705 37707-37708 37712 37719 37721 37723-37724 37729 37732-37733 37744-37745 37753 37785 37787 37809 37812-37813 37839 37841 37859 37864-37865 37867 37870-37871 37889 37891-37892 37894-37898 37900-37901 37912 37920-37921 37924 37926-37927 37929 37932-37934 37938 37944 37969-37971 38024-38026 38067 38072-38073 38205 38242 38248 38432 38578 39129 39131 39181 39183 39192 39194 39233 39236-39237 39239 39241 39244-39245 39250-39251 39254 39256-39257 39274 39286 39347 39350 39353-39356 39369 39371 39378-39379 39384-39385 39393 39396 39417 39421 39423 39696-39697 39720 39737-39739 39742 39756 39758 39766 39770-39771 39773-39775 39793 39796-39797 39801 39803 39821 39828 39894-39895 39900-39901 39906-39907 39909-39913 39920 39922 39927 39931 39933-39934 39953 39956 40079 40090 40101 40104 40106-40107 40112 40456 40458 40490-40491 40576 40610 40616 40618 40679 40685 40690-40691 40696-40697 41438-41439 41460-41461 41464 41466-41467 41597 41599 41607 41612-41613 41620 41646-41647 41649 41655 41658 41670-41671 41675-41678 41680 41682 41688 41700 41702 41707 41710 41756 41758 41768 41770 41789 41791 41808-41809 41856-41857 41863 41869 41877-41878 41885 41920 41928 42103 42147 42150 42153 42155-42157 42159 42164 42166 42177 42180 42190-42191 42202-42203 42212-42213 42216-42217 42231 42233 42237 42272 42274 42303 42367 42370-42371 42374 42376-42377 42380 42383 42394-42395 42398-42399 42402 42405 42408 42416-42417 42419-42420 42422 42442-42443 42460 42462 42464-42465 42500 42581 42583 42589 42752 42754 42760 43010 43016 43022 43024 43027 43030 43033 43036 43042 43044-43045 43047-43048 43279 43290 43301 433121.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/923/129?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/923/129/table1Cluster parameters for 420 open clusters confirmed in this work and 11 newly discovered open clustersSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClCluster Name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRA_ICRSCentral (weighted median), cluster Right Ascension (ICRS)degpos.eq.ra;meta.maine_plx[0.002/0.5] Median absolute deviation in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloate_RA_ICRS[0/1.7] Median absolute deviation in RAdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.rafloatDE_ICRS[-68.4/85.3] Central (weighted median), cluster Declination (ICRS)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_DE_ICRS[0/1.1] Median absolute deviation in DEdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatplx[0.04/21.4] Weighted median parallax (Gaia DR2-based)maspos.parallax.trigfloatpmRA[-36/107] Weighted median proper motion in RA (Gaia DR2-based)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRA[0.001/5.4] Median absolute deviation in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-46/24] Weighted median proper motion in DE (Gaia DR2-based)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDE[0.002/0.7] Median absolute deviation in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatr50[0.01/54.1] Radius containing 1/2 cluster membersdegphys.angSizefloatN85[19/6668] Number of members with Pmemb (Table2) >85%meta.numberintdmode05[0.047/13.1] 05th percentile, distance posterior distributionkpcpos.distancefloatdmode16[0.047/13.5] 16th percentile, distance posterior distributionkpcpos.distancefloatdmode[0.047/14.7] 50th percentile, distance posterior distributionkpcpos.distancefloatdmode84[0.047/15.9] 84th percentile, distance posterior distributionkpcpos.distancefloatdmode95[0.047/16.3] 95th percentile, distance posterior distributionkpcpos.distancefloatXgc[-22.1/0.7] Galactic coordinate, Xkpcpos.cartesian.x;pos.galacticfloatYgc[-8.9/7.4] Galactic coordinate, Ykpcpos.cartesian.y;pos.galacticfloatZgc[-4.2/2.2] Galactic coordinate, Z, height from planekpcpos.cartesian.z;pos.galacticfloatRgc[5.1/22.6] Galactic coordinate, R, radiuskpcphys.size.radius;pos.galacticfloatlogAge[7.2/8.6]? Auriga Neural Net-based Age (1)log(yr)time.agefloatnullablee_logAge[0.07/0.4]? Uncertainty in logAge (1)log(yr)stat.error;time.agefloatnullableDist[460/2892]? Auriga Neural Net-based distance (1)pcpos.distancedoublenullablee_Dist[10/145]? Uncertainty in Dist (1)pcstat.errorfloatnullableAvmag[0.2/4]? Auriga Neural Net-based V-band reddening (1)magphys.absorptionfloatnullablee_Avmag[0.04/0.3]? Uncertainty in Avmag (1)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableJ/ApJ/923/129/table2Individual membership measurementsClCluster Name (1)meta.id.parentchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaGaia DR2 unique source idmeta.id;meta.mainRA_ICRSGaia DR2 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=2015.5degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexede_RA_ICRS[0.008/1.1] Standard error in RAdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.rafloatDE_ICRS[-69/86.1] Gaia DR2 Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=2015.5degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexede_DE_ICRS[0.007/1] Standard error in DEdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatplx[-3.5/22.7] Gaia DR2 absolute stellar parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigdoublee_plx[0.01/1.1] Standard error of parallaxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatpmRA[-39/124] Gaia DR2 proper motion in right ascension direction (pmRA*cosDE)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublee_pmRA[0.01/2.1] Standard error of pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-50/27] Gaia DR2 proper motion in declinationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublee_pmDE[0.01/2.1] Standard error of pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatGmag[3.28/18] Gaia DR2 G-band mean magnitude (Vega)magphot.mag;em.optfloatBp-Rp[-2.8/7]? Gaia DR2 BP-RP color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RdoublenullablePmem[0.5/1] Membership probabilitystat.probabilityfloat