J/ApJ/921/5ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/921/5doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19210005CDSBalona L.A.Ozuyar D.2023-05-16T14:18:52Z2023-03-20T15:15:57ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frbe-starsvariable-starsphotometryvisible-astronomyeffective-temperatureEvidence of rotational light modulation in 30%-40% of normal B stars is presented, suggesting the presence of starspots and photospheric activity. On this basis, we propose that mass loss in Be stars is a result of magnetic reconnection coupled with rapid but not necessarily near-critical rotation. The ejected matter is trapped at two diametrically opposed locations where the magnetic and geometric equators intersect. Nonradial pulsation plays no role in the mass loss and in the short-period light and line profile variations, though Be stars may pulsate as SPB or {beta} Cep variables. The model allows many of the major characteristics of Be stars to be understood, including the frequency pattern in the periodogram, allowing the approximate rotational frequency to be identified. From a large number of Be stars observed by TESS, it is shown that the resulting equatorial rotational velocities, v, are consistent with the projected rotational velocities, vsini. Furthermore, it is shown that Be stars are rotating in a broad range of 30%-100% of the critical rotational velocity. This agrees with several statistical vsini analyses, which all show that Be stars are very unlikely to be rotating at near-critical velocities.2021ApJ...921....5Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/921/5CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/gcvs : General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)IV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)J/A+A/368/912 : Polarization & rot. velocities of Be stars (Yudin, 2001)J/A+A/440/305 : Fundamental param. of fast-rotating B stars (Fremat+, 2005)J/other/A+ARV/18.67 : Accurate masses and radii of normal stars (Torres+, 2010)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/MNRAS/431/2240 : Activity in A-type stars from Kepler (Balona, 2013)J/ApJS/208/9 : Colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)J/MNRAS/447/2714 : Flare stars across the H-R diagram (Balona+, 2015)J/A+A/595/A132 : Be star rotational velocities distribution (Zorec+, 2016)J/MNRAS/467/1830 : Starspots on A stars (Balona, 2017)J/PAZh/43/521 : 3D map of interstellar extinction (Gontcharov, 2017)J/A+A/620/A145 : Space photometry of the Be stars nu Pup (Baade+, 2018)J/A+A/610/A70 : 28 Cygni BRITE and SMEI satellite photometry (Baade+, 2018)J/AJ/156/102 : TESS Input Catalog & Candidate Target List (Stassun+, 2018)J/MNRAS/485/3457 : Rotational modulation in TESS B stars (Balona+, 2019)http://basebe.obspm.fr/ : Be Star Spectra (BeSS) database home pagehttp://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/tess/ : TESS SSC on Heasarchttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/5https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/5http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/921/5https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/5https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/5http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/921/5GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/921/5/table1 (Classical Be stars observed by TESS)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/5/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/5/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/921/5/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true107.2448219-1.01579890.0055555555555555565/9481 6/1305 1310 1427 1441 1748 1769 2017 2775 2849 2851 2884 2937 3067 3137 3256-3257 3283 3316 3464 3635 3637 3658 3751 5631 6780 6846 9875 11786 11959 12264 12988 12996 13000 13017 13039-13040 13042 13268 13292 13559 13721 13733 13816 13934 13967 14004 14085 14108 14191 14207 14214 14217 14219 14236 14251 14256 14263 14631 14638 14645 14658 14677 14700 14849 14855 14912 15250 15315 15320 15365 15372 15375 15479 15510-15511 15525 15539 15568 15571 15580 15654 15662 15681 15686 15768 15778 17158 20546 20551 20609 20800 20861 20923 20955 21316 21324 21338 21343 21439 21447 21515 21529 21543 21558 21643 21655 21657-21658 21661 21665 21673 21682 21691 21718 21748 21815 21893 21943 22023 22032 22039-22040 22044 22046 22053-22054 22059 22074 22080 22087-22089 22093 22112 22121-22122 22135 22209 22236 22239 22243 22246 22249 22252 22254 22334 22503 22579 22615 22637 22860 22863 22871 22876 22895-22896 22906 22911 23375 23572 23581 23629 23631-23632 23637 23646 23649 23658 23716 23851 23936 23941 23946 24139 24508 24621 24969 26672 26801 26929 28673 31984 32610 33094 33113 33563 33826 34199 34777 34878 34896 36009 36942 37105 37237 37247 37253 37301 37319 37329-37330 37334 37343 37345 37351 37357 37359 37364 37493 37496 37592-37593 37616 37637 37641 37660 37680-37682 37699-37700 37704 37708 37714 37723-37724 37731-37732 37742 37752-37753 37776 37782 37795 37816 37819 37822 37833 37852 37856 37865 37867-37869 37872 37880 37882 37886-37887 37891 37893-37895 37897 37899 37901 37906-37910 37915 37921-37923 37928 37930 37937-37938 37953-37954 37962 37978 38016 38049 38218 38236 38538-38539 38565 38655 38831 38957 38967 38993 39133 39175 39191 39193 39199 39206 39216-39217 39220 39242-39243 39254 39257 39260 39268 39300 39316 39339 39346 39355 39371 39415 39509 39517 39558 39619 39671 39679 39696 39715 39806 39863 39897 39922 40046 40049 40085 40221 40242 40285 40455 40671 41277 41464 41520 41556 41653 41704 41712 41740 41747 41757 41768 41808 41812 41854 41866 41943 42059 42080 42089 42094-42095 42147 42175 42185 42195 42197 42223 42225 42263 42273 42279 42292 42305 42323 42325 42346 42381 42388 42437 42467 42470 42483 42486 42529 42630 43017 43024 43038 43044 43048-43049 43051 43056 43062 43138 43150 43310 43365 43407 43531 43689 46081 46459 47021 47033 47056 47121 47246 47288 47704https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/921/5?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/921/5/table1Classical Be stars observed by TESSrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTIC[4827953/470846310] TESS Input catalog numbermeta.id;meta.mainlongNameStar namemeta.idcharVTypeVariability class (1)meta.code.class;src.varcharTeff[5779/39000] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlogL[0.99/9.7] Luminosity relative to Sun (2)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatvsini[15/480]? Projected rotational velocity (3)km/sphys.veloc.rotatintnullableve[23/596]? Equatorial rotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatintnullableve/vc[0.04/1.25]? Ratio of ve to v_critical (4)phys.veloc.rotat;arith.ratiofloatnullableFrot[0.18/3.3]? Rotation frequencyd**-1em.freq;src.varfloatnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharA1[0.017/55.8]? Amplitude of fundamental frequency, pptsrc.var.amplitude;em.freqfloatnullableA2[0.001/89.2]? Amplitude of first harmonic, pptsrc.var.amplitude;em.freqfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main