J/ApJ/918/11ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/918/11doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19180011CDSLeggett S.K.Tremblin P.Phillips M.W.Dupuy T.J.Marley M.Morley C.,Schneider A.Caselden D.Guillaume C.Logsdon S.E.2025-05-22T20:11:41Z2023-10-24T15:01:15ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frbrown-dwarfsinfrared-photometrystellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperatureastronomical-reference-materialsCold, low-mass, field brown dwarfs are important for constraining the terminus of the stellar mass function, and also for optimizing atmospheric studies of exoplanets. In 2020 new model grids for such objects were made available: Sonora-Bobcat and ATMO 2020. Also, new candidate cold brown dwarfs were announced, and new spectroscopic observations at {lambda}~4.8{mu}m were published. In this paper we present new infrared photometry for some of the coldest brown dwarfs, and put the new data and models together to explore the properties of these objects. We reconfirm the importance of mixing in these atmospheres, which leads to CO and NH_3_ abundances that differ by orders of magnitude from chemical equilibrium values. We also demonstrate that the new models retain the known factor >~3 discrepancy with observations at 2<~{lambda}{mu}m<~4, for brown dwarfs cooler than 600K. We show that the entire 1<~{lambda}{mu}m<~20 energy distribution of six brown dwarfs with 260<=T_eff_K<=475 can be well reproduced, for the first time, by model atmospheres which include disequilibrium chemistry as well as a photospheric temperature gradient which deviates from the standard radiative/convective equilibrium value. This change to the pressure-temperature profile is not unexpected for rotating and turbulent atmospheres that are subject to diabatic processes. A limited grid of modified-adiabat model colors is generated, and used to estimate temperatures and metallicities for the currently known Y dwarfs. A compilation of the photometric data used here is given in Appendix C (Table 10).2021ApJ...918...11Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/918/11CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)II/359 : The VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog DR4.1 (McMahon+, 2013)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/A+A/337/403 : Low-mass stars evolutionary models (Baraffe+ 1998)J/ApJ/564/421 : Spectra of T dwarfs. I. (Burgasser+, 2002)J/AJ/126/2487 : T dwarfs in the southern hemisphere (Burgasser+, 2003)J/AJ/127/2856 : Brown dwarfs in the 2MASS Survey (Burgasser+, 2004)J/AJ/127/3553 : JHK phot. and spectroscopy for L and T dwarfs (Knapp+, 2004)J/ApJ/637/1067 : NIR spectral classification of T dwarfs (Burgasser+, 2006)J/AJ/131/2722 : New L and T dwarfs from the SDSS (Chiu+, 2006)J/MNRAS/373/781 : JHK photometry of faint standard stars (Leggett+, 2006)J/ApJ/651/502 : Spitzer IRAC phot. of M, L, and T dwarfs (Patten+, 2006)J/AJ/134/1162 : 11 new T dwarfs in 2MASS (Looper+, 2007)J/ApJ/710/1142 : SpeX spectroscopy of low mass bin. I. (Burgasser+, 2010)J/ApJ/710/1627 : Mid-IR photometry of cold brown dwarfs (Leggett+, 2010)J/ApJS/197/19 : First brown dwarfs discovered by WISE (Kirkpatrick+, 2011)J/ApJS/201/19 : Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. (Dupuy+, 2012)J/ApJ/752/56 : BDKP. III. Plx for 70 ultracool dwarfs (Faherty+, 2012)J/AJ/144/148 : IR phot. of brown dwarf and Hyper-LIRG (Griffith+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/156 : T/Y brown dwarfs with WISE photometry (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)J/MNRAS/433/457 : 76 T dwarfs from the UKIDSS LAS (Burningham+, 2013)J/ApJS/205/6 : T dwarf population revealed by WISE (Mace+, 2013)J/PASP/125/809 : New nearby M, L, and T dwarfs (Thompson+, 2013)J/ApJ/814/118 : L/T dwarfs search with PS1 & WISE. II. (Best+, 2015)J/ApJ/810/158 : M,L,T dwarfs fundamental param. and SEDs (Filippazzo+, 2015)J/A+A/589/A21 : K-H_2_ line shapes for cool BDs spectra (Allard+, 2016)J/ApJ/832/58 : IR monitoring of WISE J085510.83-071442.5 (Esplin+, 2016)J/ApJS/231/15 : Astrom. monitoring of ultracool dwarf bin. (Dupuy+, 2017)J/AJ/154/134 : Planetary-mass BDs in the Taurus SFR (Esplin+, 2017)J/ApJ/842/118 : BDs with spectral type later than T6 (Leggett+, 2017)J/ApJ/867/109 : Spitzer observations of Y and T dwarfs (Martin+, 2018)J/A+A/624/A19 : GALAH survey, chemodynamical data with TGAS (Buder+, 2019)J/AJ/158/182 : Discoveries from the NEOWISE PM survey (Greco+, 2019)J/AJ/157/63 : Radii for low-metallicity M-dwarfs (Kesseli+, 2019)J/ApJS/240/19 : Parallaxes of late-T and Y dwarfs (Kirkpatrick+, 2019)J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)J/AJ/159/257 : Hawaii IR plx prog. IV. L0-T8 BDs with UKIRT (Best+, 2020)J/AJ/159/63 : New AO obs. of exoplanets & BD companions (Bowler+, 2020)J/ApJ/889/176 : Very low-mass binaries with Gaia DR2 data (Faherty+, 2020)J/ApJ/889/74 : Spitzer follow-up of Y brown dwarfs (Meisner+, 2020)J/ApJ/899/123 : Spitzer follow up of 95 brown dwarfs (Meisner+, 2020)J/AJ/160/63 : IR sp. of 5 brown dwarfs with Gemini IRS (Miles+, 2020)J/ApJ/898/77 : NIR spectra of 2 extreme T-type subdwarfs (Schneider+, 2020)J/AJ/160/38 : Spitzer variability detections of brown dwarfs (Vos+, 2020)J/MNRAS/503/2265 : VISTA and Subaru/HSC obs. of Upper Scorpius (Lodieu+, 2021)J/ApJS/253/7 : A full-sky census of BDs within 20pc (Kirkpatrick+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/918/11https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/918/11http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/918/11https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/918/11https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/918/11http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/918/11GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/918/11/table1 (New near-infrared photometry and estimates of Teff)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true33.18145835.52977780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/918/11/table6 (Estimates of Teff and metallicity for candidate and confirmed Y dwarfs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true26.736083342.56944440.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/918/11/table10 (Compilation of measurements for T6 and later brown dwarfs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table10?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table10?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/918/11/table10?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.624708363.87138890.0055555555555555566/10 77 316 335 1307 1499 1690 1692 1748 1825 2471 2558 2617 2977 3027 3066 3120 3406 3477 3845 3946 4014 4288 4336 4457 4527 4804 4948 5024-5025 5136 5208 5377 5411 5458 5497 5669 5894 6039 6044 6133 6161 6163 6217 6369 6652 7048 7058 7231 7250 7511 7514 7638 7852 7946 8215 8219 8281 8299 8351 8384 8444 8478 8519 8592 8649 8719 9073 9230 9287 9508 9597 9964 10417 10472 11174 11279 11435 11479 11554 11940 12005 12057 12223 12267 12519 13360 13446 13698 13709 13880 14033 14351 14484 14553 14638 15530 15802 15957 16194 16865 16982 17003 17253 17486 17906 18017 18055 18067 18156 18182 18303 18423 18451 18547 18799 19050 19172 19359 19436 19467 19487 19608 19614 19657 19864 19910 19931 19963 19981 19987 19992 19995 20001 20007 20468 20472 20623 21157 21319 21597 21729 21874 22351 22521 22681 22758 23125 23184 23388 23403 23434 23460 23530 23767 24231 24694 24708 24927 25100 25159 25228 25270 25348 25966 26020 26184 26225 26248 26365 26555 26564 26569 27043 27046 27332 27384 27403 27570 27622 27636 27684 27735 27848 27858 28040 28642 29384 29709 30159 30488 30862 30944 31319 31333 31549 31731 31998 32172 32419 32485 32580 32586 32641 32652 32705 32855 32932 32952 33031 33183 33257 33274 33303 33309 33455 33518 33558 33585 33587 33616 33660 33674-33675 33746 33851 33892 33903 34304 34322 34325 34349 34456 34486 34645 34747 35016 35065 35226 35241 35346 35371 35522 35529 35572 35707 35779 35828 36039 36041 36072 36736 36821 36907 36922 37041 37264 37404 37477 37495 37502 37921 38109 38330 38345 38528 38928 38978 39683 39835 40069 40228 40350 40560 40905 40947 41091 41222 41276 42049 42739 42981 43290 43410 43595 43928 44013 44033 44101 44270 44286 44338 44539 44930 44978 45178 45267 45276 45328 45331-45332 45380 45426 45445 46070 46217 46334 46357 46433 46444 46478 46608 46617 46840 46843 46854 46883 46972 47258 47386 47661 48033 48124 48320 48557 48858 48905 490848.157980699529898e-21 2.0429600390310455e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/918/11?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/918/11/table1New near-infrared photometry and estimates of TeffPIDGemini program identifiermeta.id;obscharDatesObservation date(s)time.epoch;obscharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharf_InstFlag on Inst (2)meta.codecharf_YmagFlag on Ymag (2)meta.codecharf_TeffFlag on Teff (2)meta.codecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000WISE hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000WISE degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDiscRefDiscovery reference (1)meta.bibcharSpTSpectral typesrc.spTypecharSpTRefType reference (1)meta.bibcharExp[0.03/4.32]? On-source exposure timehtime.duration;obs.exposurefloatnullableYmag[19.99/21.16]? Y band MKO magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Ymag[0.07/0.34]? Uncertainty on the Ymagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableJmag[18.29/24]? J-band MKO magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag[0.05/0.5]? Uncertainty on the Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableHmag[19.55/21.59]? H-band MKO magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag[0.03/0.31]? Uncertainty on the Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKsmag[21.11/23.03]? Ks-band MKO magnitude (3)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Ksmag[0.15/0.5]? Uncertainty on the Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKmag[21/21]? K band MKO magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag[0.09/0.09]? Uncertainty on the Kmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableTeff[345/700] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintTRef[1/2] Reference on Teff (4)meta.bibintWISEDisplay the WISE catalogs (II/311, II/328, II/363, II/365, II/307) within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/ApJ/918/11/table6Estimates of Teff and metallicity for candidate and confirmed Y dwarfsSpTSpectral typesrc.spTypecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000WISE hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000WISE degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainm_WISEComponent if in close binarymeta.code.multipcharf_WISEFlag on WISE (1)meta.codecharDiscRefDiscovery reference (2)meta.bibcharSpTRefType reference (2)meta.bibcharTeff[260/485] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintl_[m/H][~<>] Limit or uncertainty flag on [m/H]meta.code.error;phys.abundchar[m/H][-0.5/0.3]? Metallicityphys.abund.ZfloatnullableWISEDisplay the WISE catalogs (II/311, II/328, II/363, II/365, II/307) within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/ApJ/918/11/table10Compilation of measurements for T6 and later brown dwarfse_Ymag[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in Ymagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableJmag[13.28/25.45]? J Vega mag MKO systemmagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag[0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableHmag[13.53/25.29]? H Vega mag MKO systemmagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKmag[13.49/23.48]? K Vega mag MKO systemmagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag[0.02/0.5]? Uncertainty in Kmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableLpmag[12.34/17.57]? L' Vega mag MKO systemmagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_Lpmag[0.02/0.15]? Uncertainty in L'magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableMpmag[11.74/17.56]? M' Vega mag MKO systemmagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_Mpmag[0.06/0.2]? Uncertainty in M'magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Discovery hour of right ascension (J2000) (1)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Discovery degree of declination (J2000) (1)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainM-m[-3.63/3.21]? Absolute magnitude minus apparent magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.IR;arith.difffloatnullablee_M-m[0/1.2]? Uncertainty in M-mmagstat.errorfloatnullableYmag[15.19/26.54]? Y Vega mag MKO systemmagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullable3.6mag[12.2/19.3]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band Vega magmagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_3.6mag[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in 3.6magmagstat.errorfloatnullable4.5mag[11.3/16.8]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band Vega magmagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_4.5mag[0.02/0.11]? Uncertainty in 4.5magmagstat.errorfloatnullable5.8mag[12.3/15.4]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um band Vega magmagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_5.8mag[0.03/0.15]? Uncertainty in 5.8magmagstat.errorfloatnullable8.0mag[11.7/14.6]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um band Vega magmagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_8.0mag[0.03/0.2]? Uncertainty in 8.0magmagstat.errorfloatnullableW1mag[12.97/19.81]? WISE W1 Vega mag from ALLWISE Source Catalogmagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag[0.02/0.53]? Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW2mag[11.27/16.82]? WISE W2 Vega mag from ALLWISE Source Catalogmagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_W2mag[0.02/0.3]? Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW3mag[9.66/14.5]? WISE W3 Vega mag from ALLWISE Source Catalogmagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_W3mag[0.03/0.6]? Uncertainty in W3magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW4mag[9.27/11.1]? WISE W4 Vega mag from ALLWISE Source Catalogmagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag[0.3/0.65]? Uncertainty in W4magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableMIRNote? Note on the Mid-IR photometry (4)meta.notecharDiscRefDiscovery reference (see refs.dat file)meta.bibcharr_SpTypeSpectral type classification reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framecharplxRef? Parallax measurement for M-m reference (see refs.dat file)meta.bibcharNIRRef? Near-infrared photometry reference (see refs.dat file)meta.bibcharSpitRef? Spitzer photometry reference (see refs.dat file)meta.bibcharObsDisplay the observation parameter for this brown dwarf (link to Table 1)meta.ref.urlintnullableWISEDisplay the WISE catalogs (II/311, II/328, II/363, II/365, II/307) within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableSurveySurvey name for object if anymeta.id;meta.maincharm_Survey? Component if in close binarymeta.code.multipcharONameAlternative object name if anymeta.idcharSpTypeSpectral type classification (2)src.spTypecharIRNote? Note on the IR photometry (3)meta.notecharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/ApJ/918/11/fig5Flux calibrated spectrum of UGPS J072227.51-054031.2 and its tuned-modelrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeData type (1)meta.codecharlambda[0.6/1980.2] Wavelengthumem.wldoubleFlux[-2.1e-16/1.81e-15] Flux densityW.m**-2.um**-1phot.flux.density;em.IRdoublee_Flux[3.4e-20/5.7e-16]? Uncertainty in FluxW.m**-2.um**-1stat.error;phot.fluxdoublenullableJ/ApJ/918/11/fig8Flux calibrated spectra and tuned-models of WISEPC J205628.90+145953.3, WISE J154114.00+223005.2, and WISEPA J182831.08+265037.8(AB)IDIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharTypeData type (1)meta.codecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintlambda[0.62/1980.2] Wavelengthumem.wldoubleFlux[-1.1e-16/2.4e-16] Flux densityW.m**-2.um**-1phot.flux.density;em.IRdoublee_Flux[8.2e-20/9e-17]? Uncertainty in FluxW.m**-2.um**-1stat.error;phot.fluxdoublenullableJ/ApJ/918/11/fig9Flux calibrated spectra and tuned-models of WISEPC J220922.10-273439, WISE J035000.31-565830.5, and WISEPA J085510.83-071442.5IDIdentifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeData type (1)meta.codecharlambda[0.83/1980.2] Wavelengthumem.wldoubleFlux[-3.9e-17/1.8e-16] Flux densityW.m**-2.um**-1phot.flux.density;em.IRdoublee_Flux[9.8e-19/4.3e-17]? Uncertainty in FluxW.m**-2.um**-1stat.error;phot.fluxdoublenullableJ/ApJ/918/11/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharAuthFirst author's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharCommCommentmeta.notechar