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<ri:Resource created="2022-12-13T11:30:02Z" status="active" updated="2025-05-19T09:50:00Z" version="1.2" xmlns:cs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0" xmlns:ri="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/RegistryInterface/v1.0" xmlns:vr="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0" xmlns:vs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/ConeSearch.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VOResource.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VODataService.xsd" xsi:type="vs:CatalogService"><title>Classifications from Gaia &amp; WISE data</title><shortName>J/ApJ/913/32</shortName><identifier>ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/913/32</identifier><altIdentifier>doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19130032</altIdentifier><curation><publisher ivo-id="ivo://CDS">CDS</publisher><creator><name>Dorn-Wallenstein T.Z.</name></creator><creator><name>Davenport J.R.A.</name></creator><creator><name>Huppenkothen D.</name></creator><creator><name>Levesque E.M.</name></creator><date role="Updated">2023-01-17T13:16:17Z</date><date role="Created">2022-12-13T11:30:02Z</date><contact><name>CDS support team</name><address>CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France</address><email>cds-question@unistra.fr</email></contact></curation><content><subject>infrared-photometry</subject><subject>visible-astronomy</subject><subject>two-color-diagrams</subject><subject>giant-stars</subject><subject>astronomical-object-identification</subject><description>In the coming years, next-generation space-based infrared observatories will significantly increase our samples of rare massive stars, representing a tremendous opportunity to leverage modern statistical tools and methods to test massive stellar evolution in entirely new environments. Such work is only possible if the observed objects can be reliably classified. Spectroscopic observations are infeasible with more distant targets, and so we wish to determine whether machine-learning methods can classify massive stars using broadband infrared photometry. We find that a Support Vector Machine classifier is capable of coarsely classifying massive stars with labels corresponding to hot, cool, and emission-line stars with high accuracy, while rejecting contaminating low-mass giants. Remarkably, 76% of emission-line stars can be recovered without the need for narrowband or spectroscopic observations. We classify a sample of ~2500 objects with no existing labels and identify 14 candidate emission-line objects. Unfortunately, despite the high precision of the photometry in our sample, the heterogeneous origins of the labels for the stars in our sample severely inhibit our classifier from distinguishing classes of stars with more granularity. Ultimately, no large and homogeneously labeled sample of massive stars currently exists. Without significant efforts to robustly classify evolved massive stars-which is feasible given existing data from large all-sky spectroscopic surveys-shortcomings in the labeling of existing data sets will hinder efforts to leverage the next generation of space observatories.</description><source format="bibcode">2021ApJ...913...32D</source><referenceURL>https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/913/32</referenceURL><type>Catalog</type><contentLevel>Research</contentLevel><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/TAP">TAP VizieR generic service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource>Conesearch service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>related-to</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/246">II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/311">II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/328">II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/345">I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/347">I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/363/L1">J/A+A/363/L1 : The distance modulus of the LMC (Kovacs, 2000)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/131/2478">J/AJ/131/2478 : M31 and M33 UBVRI photometry (Massey+, 2006)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/133/2393">J/AJ/133/2393 : UBVRI phot. in 7 Local Group dwarfs galaxies (Massey+, 2007)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/703/420">J/ApJ/703/420 : Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/537/A146">J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8&lt;M&lt;120, Z=0.014 (Ekstrom+, 2012)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/440/3430">J/MNRAS/440/3430 : SDSS-2MASS-WISE stellar colour locus (Davenport+, 2014)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/151/144">J/AJ/151/144 : ASPCAP weights for APOGEE chemical elements (Garcia+, 2016)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/841/15">J/ApJ/841/15 : Synthetic JWST/MIRI fluxes and magnitudes (Jones+, 2017)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/615/A78">J/A+A/615/A78 : Spectral models for binary products (Goetberg+, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/616/A12">J/A+A/616/A12 : Gaia DR2 sources in GC and dSph (Gaia Collaboration+, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/863/181">J/ApJ/863/181 : The fifth catalog of LMC Wolf-Rayet stars (Neugent+, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/616/A175">J/A+A/616/A175 : Red supergiant stars in the LMC. 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The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd><flag>nullable</flag><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Name</name><description>Common name from Simbad</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="31*">char</dataType><flag>primary</flag></column><column><name>Gaia</name><description>Gaia DR2 source ID</description><ucd>meta.id.cross</ucd></column><column><name>RA_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR2 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>DE_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR2 Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>Host</name><description>Host Galaxy ("LMC", 3348 occurrences; "MW", 2161 occurrences or "SMC", 975 occurrences)</description><ucd>meta.id.parent</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="3*">char</dataType></column><column><name>rest</name><description>[1.26/29.13]? Estimated distance from Bailer-Jones+ (2018AJ....156...58B, I/347)</description><unit>kpc</unit><ucd>pos.distance</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Gmag</name><description>[7.4/17] Gaia DR2 G-band magnitude</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>AG</name><description>[0/3.2] Gaia DR2 AG estimate</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phys.absorption</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>BP-RP</name><description>[-0.51/3.8] Gaia DR2 BP-RP color index</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.R</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>GMag</name><description>[-9.93/-2.9] Absolute magnitude in Gaia G band</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phys.magAbs</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>G-J</name><description>[-5/4.42]? G-J color from Gaia and 2MASS photometry</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt;em.IR</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>J-H</name><description>[-0.3/4.7]? J-H color from 2MASS photometry</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.H</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>H-Ks</name><description>[-0.4/1.2]? H-Ks color from 2MASS photometry</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.IR.H;em.IR.K</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Ks-W1</name><description>[-0.96/2.5]? Ks-W1 color from 2MASS and WISE photometry</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.IR;em.IR</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>W1-W2</name><description>[-0.4/1.2] W1-W2 color from WISE photometry</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.IR;em.IR</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>W2-W3</name><description>[-2.9/6.2] W2-W3 color from WISE photometry</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.IR;em.IR</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>W3-W4</name><description>[-1.3/7.1] W3-W4 color from WISE photometry</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.IR;em.IR</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>W1Mag</name><description>[-11.1/-2.2] Absolute magnitude in WISE W1</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phys.magAbs</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>logEWMW2</name><description>[-1.3/1.7]? Log, error-weighted Median Absolute Deviation, W2</description><ucd>stat.stdev</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>nu0W2</name><description>[0]? Zero-crossing frequency, W2 (1)</description><unit>d**-1</unit><ucd>stat.fit.param</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logDtW2</name><description>[1.79/3.45]? Log, average time between zero-crossings, W2</description><unit>d</unit><ucd>stat.fit.param</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logSDtW2</name><description>[-13/3.1]? Log, standard deviation of zero-crossing times, W2</description><unit>d</unit><ucd>stat.fit.param</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logX2rW1W2</name><description>[-3.3/3.1]? Log, reduced {chi}^2, W1-W2</description><ucd>stat.fit.chi2</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logEWMW1W2</name><description>[-13.2/1.3]? Log, error-weighted Median Absolute Deviation, W1-W2</description><ucd>stat.stdev</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>nu0W1W2</name><description>[0]? Zero-crossing frequency, W1-W2 (1)</description><unit>d**-1</unit><ucd>stat.fit.param</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logDtW1W2</name><description>[2/3.5]? Log, average time between zero-crossings, W1-W2</description><unit>d</unit><ucd>stat.fit.param</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logSDtW1W2</name><description>[-13/3.1]? Log, standard deviation of zero-crossing times, W1-W2</description><unit>d</unit><ucd>stat.fit.param</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Label</name><description>Label from SIMBAD (2)</description><ucd>src.class</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="17*">char</dataType></column><column><name>cLabel</name><description>Coarse Label (3)</description><ucd>src.class</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="17*">char</dataType></column><column><name>RSG</name><description>Predicted RSG star by the Support Vector Machine Classifier trained on refined labels (link to Table 5)</description><ucd>meta.ref.url</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>CL</name><description>Predicted labels for coarse label training (link to Table A1)</description><ucd>meta.ref.url</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column></table><table><name>J/ApJ/913/32/table5</name><description>Common names and coordinates of stars predicted to be RSGs by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier (SVC) trained on refined labels</description><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Name</name><description>Common Name from Simbad</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="30*">char</dataType></column><column><name>RA_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR2 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>DE_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR2 Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>_RA.icrs</name><description>Right ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd><flag>nullable</flag><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>_DE.icrs</name><description>Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd><flag>nullable</flag><flag>indexed</flag></column></table><table><name>J/ApJ/913/32/tablea1</name><description>Common names, coordinates, and predicted labels of 2550 stars input to the SVC trained on coarse labels</description><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Name</name><description>Common Name from Simbad</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="31*">char</dataType></column><column><name>RA_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR2 Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>DE_ICRS</name><description>Gaia DR2 Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>_RA.icrs</name><description>Right ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra</ucd><flag>nullable</flag><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>_DE.icrs</name><description>Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec</ucd><flag>nullable</flag><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>Label</name><description>Predicted Coarse Label (1)</description><ucd>src.class</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="11*">char</dataType></column></table></schema></tableset></ri:Resource>