J/ApJ/912/19ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/912/19doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19120019CDSDe K.Kasliwal M.M.Hankins M.J.Sokoloski J.L.Adams S.M.,Ashley M.C.B.Babul A.-N.Bagdasaryan A.Delacroix A.Dekany R.,Greffe T.Hale D.Jencson J.E.Karambelkar V.R.Lau R.M.Mahabal A.,McKenna D.Moore A.M.Ofek E.O.Sharma M.Smith R.M.Soon J.Soria R.,Srinivasaragavan G.Tinyanont S.Travouillon T.Tzanidakis A.Yao Y.2023-01-17T13:30:53Z2022-11-15T10:49:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frnovaeinfrared-photometrysurveysvisible-astronomyspectroscopyinfrared-astronomyThe nova rate in the Milky Way remains largely uncertain, despite its vital importance in constraining models of Galactic chemical evolution as well as understanding progenitor channels for Type Ia supernovae. The rate has been previously estimated to be in the range of ~10-300yr^-1^, either based on extrapolations from a handful of very bright optical novae or the nova rates in nearby galaxies; both methods are subject to debatable assumptions. The total discovery rate of optical novae remains much smaller (~5-10/yr) than these estimates, even with the advent of all-sky optical time-domain surveys. Here, we present a systematic sample of 12 spectroscopically confirmed Galactic novae detected in the first 17 months of Palomar Gattini-IR (PGIR), a wide-field near-infrared time-domain survey. Operating in the J band (~1.2{mu}m), which is significantly less affected by dust extinction compared to optical bands, the extinction distribution of the PGIR sample is highly skewed to a large extinction values (>50% of events obscured by A_V_>~5mag). Using recent estimates for the distribution of Galactic mass and dust, we show that the extinction distribution of the PGIR sample is commensurate with dust models. The PGIR extinction distribution is inconsistent with that reported in previous optical searches (null-hypothesis probability <0.01%), suggesting that a large population of highly obscured novae have been systematically missed in previous optical searches. We perform the first quantitative simulation of a 3{pi} time-domain survey to estimate the Galactic nova rate using PGIR, and derive a rate of ~43.7_-8.7_^+19.5^yr^-1^. Our results suggest that all-sky near-infrared time-domain surveys are well poised to uncover the Galactic nova population.2021ApJ...912...19Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/912/19CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)J/AJ/99/1079 : Nova rate in NGC 5128 (Ciardullo+, 1990)J/AJ/134/2340 : Membership of Praesepe & Coma Berenices (Kraus+, 2007)J/ApJS/187/275 : Photometric histories of recurrent novae (Schaefer, 2010)J/AJ/140/34 : Classification of nova light curves (Strope+, 2010)J/ApJ/743/156 : NEOWISE obs. of NEOs: preliminary results (Mainzer+, 2011)J/A+A/554/A123 : Near-IR catalog of novae in VVV survey area (Saito+, 2013)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/ApJS/227/1 : HST survey for novae in M87. I. VI LCs (Shara+, 2016)J/MNRAS/465/3039 : Eruptive variable protostars from VVV EW (Contreras+, 2017)J/MNRAS/465/3011 : VVV high amplitude NIR var. stars (Contreras Pena+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/196 : Galactic novae with m<=10 from 1900 to 2015 (Shafter, 2017)J/ApJ/905/58 : The local universe. I. Ca-rich gap transients (De+, 2020)J/ApJ/910/120 : Dwarf nova outbursts detected by ASAS-SN (Kawash+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/912/19https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/912/19http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/912/19https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/912/19https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/912/19http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/912/19GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/912/19/table1 (*Summary of novae detected in the first 17 months of the Palomar Gattini-IR (PGIR) survey (see the Appendix section for details))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/19/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/19/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/19/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true264.64625-25.3174720.0055555555555555566/1800 3752 14412 15385 23749 28863 28923 28971 29071 29524 30357 30697https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/912/19?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/912/19/table1*Summary of novae detected in the first 17 months of the Palomar Gattini-IR (PGIR) survey (see the Appendix section for details)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPGIRPGIR namemeta.id;meta.maincharNameName of the novameta.id.crosscharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainMJD[58685.2/59180.3] Modified Julian Date, first detection (1)dtime.epochdoubleJmag[6.22/12.07] Peak J-band Vega magnitude (2)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_Jmag[0.01/0.03] Uncertainty on the Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatphClPhotometric class of the nova based on classification schemes of Strope+ 2010, J/AJ/140/34meta.note;photcharspClSpectroscopic class of the nova based on classification schemes of Williams+ 1992AJ....104..725Wsrc.spTypecharphAv[1/9.4]? Estimated extinction toward the nova using the photometric color, A_V,c_phys.absorptionfloatnullablespAvEstimated extinction toward the nova using the spectroscopic method, A_V,s_ (3)phys.absorptioncharAv[1.5/12.1] The total Galactic extinction along this direction estimated in Schlafly & Finkbeiner (2011ApJ...737..103S)phys.absorption.galfloatFile1Name of the spectrum in ASCII format in subdirectory "sp"meta.idcharSp1Interactive plot of the spectrummeta.ref.urlcharFile2Name of a second spectrum (if any) in ASCII format in subdirectory "sp"meta.idcharSp2Interactive plot of the spectrummeta.ref.urlcharLCInteractive plot of PGIR light curvemeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar