J/ApJ/912/165ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/912/165doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19120165CDSRicher H.B.Caiazzo I.Du H.Grondin S.Hegarty J.Heyl J.Kerr R.,Miller D.R.Thiele S.2022-12-06T07:05:56Z2022-12-02T09:41:28ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clusterswhite-dwarf-starsabsolute-magnitudetwo-color-diagramsphotometryvisible-astronomystellar-massesstellar-agesproper-motionsWe have carried out a search for massive white dwarfs (WDs) in the direction of young open star clusters using the Gaia DR2 database. The aim of this survey was (1) to provide robust data for new and previously known high-mass WDs regarding cluster membership, (2) to highlight WDs previously included in the initial final mass relation (IFMR) that are unlikely members of their respective clusters according to Gaia astrometry, and (3) to select an unequivocal WD sample that could then be compared with the host clusters' turnoff masses. All promising WD candidates in each cluster color-magnitude diagram were followed up with spectroscopy from Gemini in order to determine whether they were indeed WDs and derive their masses, temperatures, and ages. In order to be considered cluster members, white dwarfs were required to (1) have proper motions and parallaxes within 2{sigma}, 3{sigma}, or 4{sigma} of those of their potential parent cluster based on how contaminated the field was in their region of the sky, (2) have a cooling age that was less than the cluster age, and (3) have a mass that was broadly consistent with the IFMR. A number of WDs included in current versions of the IFMR turned out to be nonmembers, and a number of apparent members, based on Gaia's astrometric data alone, were rejected, as their mass and/or cooling times were incompatible with cluster membership. In this way, we developed a highly selected IFMR sample for high-mass WDs that, surprisingly, contained no precursor masses significantly in excess of ~6M_{sun}_.2021ApJ...912..165Rhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/912/165CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/ocl : Optically visible open clusters and Candidates (Dias+ 2002-2015)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJS/156/47 : DA white dwarfs from the Palomar Green Survey (Liebert+, 2005)J/ApJ/743/138 : Spectroscopic survey of bright white dwarfs (Gianninas+, 2011)J/AJ/145/134 : Radial velocities of 108 stars in Ruprecht 147 (Curtis+, 2013)J/A+A/618/A93 : Gaia DR2 open clusters in the Milky Way (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2018)J/A+A/619/A180 : Gaia DR2 phot. sensitivity curves (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2018)J/A+A/625/A87 : Ultra-massive white dwarfs evolution models (Camisassa+, 2019)J/MNRAS/482/4570 : Gaia DR2 white dwarf candidates (Gentile Fusillo+, 2019)J/ApJ/901/93 : Model atm. analysis of hot WDs from SDSS DR12 (Bedard+, 2020)J/A+A/640/A1 : Portrait Galactic disc (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/912/165https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/912/165http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/912/165https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/912/165https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/912/165http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/912/165GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/912/165/table1 (Potential cluster member white dwarfs identified)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true231.867885-51.90406390.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/912/165/table4 (Wide search WD cluster member candidates)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true162.1868797-55.76234360.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/912/165/table5 (Clusters studied (see Section 3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/912/165/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true109.275-46.1420.0055555555555555566/463 473 1325 1347 1445 1482 1539 1576 1582 1717 1757 1923 1930 2228 2395 2900 3004 3035 3037-3038 3058-3059 3061 3136 3153 3186 3230 3261 3289 3306 3308 3317 3335 3384 3556 3584 3595 3601 3604-3605 3640 3659 3755 3796 4685 4696 4698-4699 4702 4709 4720 4726 6760 6881 12042 12526 12828 12913 12939 12955 12962 12985 13022 13077 13096 13129 13169 13175 13205 13232 13252 13264-13266 13268 13290 13296 13304 13786 13853 13952 13954 13962-13963 14009 14013 14029 14058-14059 14076 14098 14154 14157 14162 14182 14210 14233 14314 14322 14410 14438 14461 14523 14553 14571 14603 14622 14628 14644-14646 14666 14668 14687 14689-14690 14695 14878 15369 15376 15412 15424 15430 15432 15449 15478 15520 15653 15661-15662 15667 15693 15709 16490 20550 20604 20725 20755-20757 20781 20797 20807 20956 20973 20983 21438 21495 21510 21517 21520-21522 21528-21529 21531-21533 21537 21553-21555 21561 21600 21613 21637 21647 21649 21656 21658 21668 21670 21677 21682 21686 21710 21724 21733 21774 21925 22021 22032 22044 22053 22058 22112 22121 22123 22132 22197 22225 22249 22254 22263 22401 22805 22880 22892-22893 22993 23410 23545 23569 23580 23632 23641 23717 23769 24095 24228 24266 24291-24292 24340 24345 24510 24522 28481 28704 28709 28711 28745 28800 28803 28806-28807 28809 28812 28818 28825 28828 28891-28892 28894 28913 28916 28922 29027 29032 29035 29045 29078 29081 29095 29113 29116 29121 29269 29520 29523 29533 29619 29728 29730 30127 30222 30256 30335 30540 30635 30653 30716 31071 31093 31748 31757 31764 31790 31812 31816 31833 31835 31847 31864-31865 31879 31974 31988 32027 32032 32035 32052 32087 32170 32228 32239 32323 32329 32337 32513 32521 32544 34538 37109 37231 37277 37326 37332 37337 37341 37348 37351 37364-37365 37373 37495 37583 37592-37594 37616 37621 37681 37705 37712 37717 37737 37745 37753 37782 37789-37790 37859 37865 37871 37883 37886 37926 37928-37929 37932-37933 37944 37992 38018 38021 38024 38027 38032 38035 38041 38051 38064 38073 38539 38573 38627 39005 39159-39161 39179 39181 39193 39213 39236 39243-39245 39248 39251 39254 39258-39259 39283 39288 39311 39325 39354-39355 39374-39375 39384-39385 39409 39413 39423 39443 39505 39617 39677 39679 39702 39707 39714 39718 39731 39739 39755 39773-39775 39779 39785 39795 39804 39824 39832 39836 39854-39856 39859 39862 39865 39867 39869 39872 39879 39883-39885 39892 39894 39905 39907 39909-39910 39920 39922 39968 40105-40106 40461 40484 40576 40626 41182 41379 41393 41422 41439 41442-41443 41445 41453 41461 41557-41558 41577 41599 41610 41615 41629 41633 41646 41669-41670 41672 41675 41688 41692 41696 41701 41703 41709 41716 41756 41768 41776 41821 41823 41834 41843 41846 41863 41867 41878 41995 42029 42153 42163 42166 42170 42203 42207 42209 42213 42227 42268 42303 42353 42364 42367 42374 42376-42377 42394-42395 42399 42417 42420 42432 42458 42464 42486 42506-42507 42583 42846 43012 43023-43024 43033 43036 43044-43045 43047-43048 43050 43140 43301 45203 478581.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/912/165?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/912/165/table1Potential cluster member white dwarfs identifiedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClCluster namemeta.id.parentcharE(Bp-Rp)[0.04/0.4] Bp-Rp color excessphot.color.excessfloate_E(Bp-Rp)[0.004/0.03] E(Bp-Rp) uncertaintystat.errorfloatGaiaGaia DR2 identifiermeta.id;meta.mainf_GaiaFlag on Gaia (1)meta.codecharGmag[16.6/20.93] Gaia DR2 observed G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloate_Gmag[0.001/0.02] Uncertainty on the Gmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatBp-Rp[-0.51/0.4] Gaia DR2 Bp-Rp color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_Bp-Rp[0.013/0.6] Bp-Rp uncertaintymagstat.errorfloatGMag[8.9/12.1] Absolute Gaia G-band magnitude, G_0_magphys.magAbsfloate_GMag[0.01/1.2] Gmag0 uncertaintymagstat.error;phot.magfloatBp-Rp0[-0.65/0.3] (Bp-Rp)_0_ color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_Bp-Rp0[0.013/0.6] Bp-Rp0 uncertaintymagstat.errorfloatCommCommentmeta.notecharn_Comm[1/5]? Reference or note (2)meta.noteintnullablef_CommFlag on Comm (1)meta.codecharGF19Display data from Gentile Fusillo+, 2019, J/MNRAS/482/4570 if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from Gaia identifiers in Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Gaia identifiers in Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/912/165/table4Wide search WD cluster member candidatesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClCluster identifiermeta.id.parentcharDiam[1.76/23.14] WEBDA cluster diameterpcpos.distancefloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharGaiaGaia DR2 source identifiermeta.id;meta.mainMassTO[3.47/8] Current cluster MS turnoff mass (1)solMassphys.massfloatGMag[9.3/12.1] Absolute Gaia DR2 magnitude, G_0_ (2)magphys.magAbsfloatBp-Rp0[-0.9/-0.12] Intrinsic Gaia DR2 (Blue-Red) band color (3)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatDist[0.7/20.3] Distance from cluster center in units of cluster radiipos.distancefloatl_MassLimit flag on Massmeta.code.error;phys.masscharMass[0.4/1.3] Estimated white dwarf mass from cooling model fitssolMassphys.massfloatl_B_MassLimit flag on B_Massmeta.code.errorcharB_Mass[0.76/1.3] Upper 1{sigma} uncertainty boundary in MasssolMassstat.error;phys.mass;stat.maxfloatl_b_MassLimit flag on b_Massmeta.code.errorcharb_Mass[0.2/1.3] Lower 1{sigma} uncertainty boundary in MasssolMassstat.error;phys.mass;stat.minfloatAge[0.14/296]? Estimated white dwarf age from model fitsMyrtime.agefloatnullableB_Age[0.17/208]? Upper 1{sigma} uncertainty boundary in AgeMyrstat.error;time.age;stat.maxfloatnullableb_Age[0.14/404]? Lower 1{sigma} uncertainty boundary in AgeMyrstat.error;time.age;stat.minfloatnullableGF19Display data from Gentile Fusillo+, 2019, J/MNRAS/482/4570 if anymeta.ref.urlintnullable_RAPositions from Gaia identifiers in Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Gaia identifiers in Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/912/165/table5Clusters studied (see Section 3)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablepmRA[-36.2/22.7]? Cluster proper motion along RAmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablee_pmRA[0.1/1.4]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE[-45.5/23.5]? Cluster proper motion along DEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablee_pmDE[0.07/1.5]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableplx[0.14/7.35]? Cluster parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx[0.07/1.7]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableNred[7/776]? Number of stars used to determine reddeningmeta.numberintnullableE(Bp-Rp)[0.03/1.4]? Mean cluster reddening in Gaia filtersmagphot.color.excessfloatnullableNwd[0/327]? Expected number of white dwarfs producedmeta.numberfloatnullablee_Nwd[0.05/179]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in Nwdstat.errorfloatnullablef_Nwd[#] # = NWD can not be determinedmeta.codecharGC20Display data from Cantat-Gaudin+, 2020, J/A+A/640/A1 within 1.5'meta.ref.urlintnullableNt1Number of WD candidates (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullableNt4Number of WD candidates in the wide search (link to Table 4)meta.numberintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClCluster identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryNs[14/2396]? Number of starsmeta.numberintnullableAge[4/813]? Cluster ageMyrtime.ageintnullablee_Age[2/388]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in AgeMyrstat.error;time.ageintnullablef_AgeFlag on Age (1)meta.codecharRAdeg? Cluster center right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ranullablee_RAdeg[0.1/3]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in RAdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullableDEdeg[-67/72]? Cluster center declination (J2000)degpos.eq.decnullablee_DEdeg[0.1/2.7]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in DEdegdegstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatnullablee_E(Bp-Rp)[0.003/0.2]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in E(Bp-Rp)magstat.errorfloatnullable