MW Project: DR2 "yellow balls" in SpitzerJ/ApJ/911/28ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/911/28doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19110028CDSWolf-Chase G.Kerton C.R.Devine K.Pouydal A.Mori J.Trujillo L.,Cossairt A.Schoultz S.Jayasinghe T.Povich M.2022-11-09T06:21:05Z2022-10-25T13:39:32ZCDS support teamCDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, Francecds-question@unistra.frstar-forming-regionssurveysinfrared-astronomyradio-sourcesYellowballs (YBs) were first discovered during the Milky Way Project (MWP) citizen science initiative. The MWP users noticed compact, yellow regions in Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared (MIR) images of the Milky Way plane and asked professional astronomers to explain these "yellow balls." Follow-up work by Kerton+ (2015, J/ApJ/799/153) determined that YBs likely trace compact photodissociation regions associated with massive and intermediate-mass star formation. The YBs were included as target objects in a version of the MWP launched in 2016, which produced a listing of over 6000 YB locations. We have measured distances, cross-match associations, physical properties, and MIR colors of ~500 YBs within a pilot region covering the l=30{deg}-40{deg}, b={+/-}1{deg} region of the Galactic plane. We find that ~20-30% of YBs in our pilot region contain high-mass star formation capable of becoming expanding HII regions that produce MIR bubbles. A majority of YBs represent intermediate-mass star-forming regions whose placement in evolutionary diagrams suggest they are still actively accreting and may be precursors to optically revealed Herbig Ae/Be nebulae. Many of these intermediate-mass YBs were missed by surveys of massive star formation tracers; thus, this catalog provides information for many new sites of star formation.2021ApJ...911...28Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/911/28CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/293 : GLIMPSE Source Catalog (I + II + 3D) (IPAC 2008)J/A+A/275/67 : Velocity Field of the outer Galaxy (Brand+ 1993)J/A+A/481/345 : SED evolution in massive YSOs (Molinari+, 2008)J/ApJ/720/679 : Optical spectroscopy in Cygnus X region (Beerer+, 2010)J/A+A/537/A1 : Infrared fluxes of HII regions and PNe (Anderson+, 2012)J/MNRAS/424/2442 : Catalog of bubbles from Milky Way Project (Simpson+, 2012)J/A+A/544/A146 : ATLASGAL cold high-mass clumps with NH_3_ (Wienen+, 2012)J/ApJS/208/11 : Red MSX Source Survey: massive protostars (Lumsden+, 2013)J/ApJS/205/1 : CORNISH project. II. Source catalog (Purcell+, 2013)J/ApJS/212/1 : The WISE catalog of Galactic HII regions (Anderson+, 2014)J/A+A/565/A75 : ATLASGAL: dust condensations in Gal. plane (Csengeri+, 2014)J/ApJ/783/130 : Parallaxes of high mass star forming regions (Reid+, 2014)J/ApJ/799/153 : Yellowballs in Milky Way project (Kerton+, 2015)J/MNRAS/471/100 : Hi-GAL compact source catalog. -71.0<l<67.0 (Elia+, 2017)J/MNRAS/488/1141 : MW Project DR2 bubbles & bow shocks (Jayasinghe+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/911/28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/911/28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/911/28https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/911/28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/911/28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/911/28GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/911/28/table1 (DR2 yellowballs (YBs))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true266.21749951822-28.884368655420.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/911/28/ybpilot (Yellowballs DR2 pilot region cross-matches (Table 2) and MIR photometry (Table 6))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/ybpilot?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/ybpilot?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/ybpilot?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true281.7599900516-2.7275121770.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/911/28/table3 (YB position, velocity, and Bayesian distance)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true281.7599900516-2.7275121770.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/911/28/table4 (Physical properties of YB-Hi-GAL matched sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/911/28/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true281.760008-2.7275480.0055555555555555565/3588-3589 3655 3661 3666-3667 3670 3672-3674 3905 3907-3910 7202-7203 7206-7207 7228-7229 7275 7278 7376-7377 7383 7554 7561 7564 7578-7579 7604-7605 7651 7654 7661 7672-7673 7678-7679 10414 10420 10424 10442 10444 10451 10453 10542-10543 10553 10556 10595 10598-10599 10611 10614-10615 10624 6/12968 12970-12971 12974-12975 12986-12987 14266-14267 14269-14271 14312-14314 14336-14337 14340-14341 14343 14361 14364-14365 14400 14402-14403 14406 14408-14409 14411-14413 14653 14659 14662-14663 14674 14686 14700 14704-14706 15626-15627 15644-15645 15649 15680 15682 28802-28803 28806-28807 28817-28818 28849 28853 28874-28875 28878-28879 28896-28897 28899-28901 28925 29090-29091 29094-29097 29099 29116 29118-29119 29162-29163 29456-29457 29460-29461 29463 29517 29520 29522-29523 29528-29529 30222 30240-30241 30260 30262-30263 30265 30268-30269 30271 30306 30330-30331 30405 30428-30429 30592 30594-30595 30598 30600-30601 30620 30622-30623 30640-30641 30666 30697 30700-30701 30703 30706-30707 30710 32085 37893 37895 37904 37906 41597-41599 41647 41651 41653-41655 41660-41662 41670-41671 41673-41678 41684-41686 41688-41689 41758-41759 41763 41765-41767 41772-41773 41780-41782 41784 41798-41799 41801-41803 41809-41811 41816-41817 41820-41821 41824-41825 41856 42154-42155 42158-42159 42167 42203 42206-42207 42209-42211 42216-42218 42220 42228-42230 42376 42378-42379 42386-42387 42390-42391 42400-42401 42434-42436 42438-42441 42443 42450-42451 42454-42455 42500-42502 42512 43013-43015 43017-43022 43024-43026 43040-43042https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/911/28?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefault
J/ApJ/911/28/table1DR2 yellowballs (YBs)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPIncluded in the pilot region studymeta.ref.urlintnullableVelDisplay the velocity and Bayesian distance (link to Table 3)meta.ref.urlintnullableSeq[1/6176] Yellowball identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryHiDisplay the physical properties of yellowball-Hi-GAL matched sources (link to Table 4)meta.ref.urlintnullableGLON[-0.042/360.01] Galactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lon_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedGLAT[-2.23/3.59] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latRad[0.001/0.05] Milky Way Project radiusdegphys.angSizedoublee_GLON[1.6e-5/0.004]? Uncertainty in GLONdegstat.errordoublenullablee_GLAT[2.3e-5/0.004]? Uncertainty in GLATdegstat.errordoublenullablee_Rad[3.3e-6/0.11]? Uncertainty in Raddegstat.errordoublenullableRate[0.05/1] Hit rate (1)stat.fit.omcdouble
J/ApJ/911/28/ybpilotYellowballs DR2 pilot region cross-matches (Table 2) and MIR photometry (Table 6)CTypeCORNISH typesrc.classcharstdF24[0.01/2.5]? Normalized standard deviation in F24 (4)stat.stdevfloatnullableSeq[1153/1670] Yellowball identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintWISEWISE HII region catalog (Anderson+ 2014, J/ApJS/212/1) ID (<[ABB2014] WISE GLLL.lll+BB.bbb> in Simbad)meta.id.crosschar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGLON[30/39.98] Galactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-0.95/0.99] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latHIGALBMHi-Gal compact source catalog (Elia+ 2017, J/MNRAS/471/100) ID (LL.llll+B.bbbb)meta.id.crosschar[CUS2014]ATLASGAL catalog (Csengeri+ 2014, J/A+A/565/A75) identifiermeta.id.crosscharCORNISHCORNISH catalog (Purcell+ 2013, J/ApJS/205/1) identifiermeta.id.crosscharRMS[3090/4924]? Red MSX Source Survey catalog (Lumsden+ 2013, J/ApJS/208/11) identifiermeta.id.crossintnullableRTypeRMS typesrc.classcharL13Display data from the Red MSX Source Survey (Lumsden+, 2013, J/ApJS/208/11)meta.ref.urlintnullableWTypeWISE type (1)src.classcharF8[0.02/16.67]? Mean 8 micron flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8um;stat.meanfloatnullablestdF8[0/69]? Normalized standard deviation in F8 (4)stat.stdevfloatnullableF12[0/7.7]? Mean 12 micron flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablestdF12[0.01/8]? Normalized standard deviation in F12 (4)stat.stdevfloatnullableF24[-0.01/13.1]? Mean 24 micron flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableF70[0.9/2563]? Hi-GAL 70 micron flux density from Elia et al. (2017MNRAS.417..100E)Jyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_F70[0.05/90]? Uncertainty in F70Jystat.errorfloatnullableFit[1]? Well-fit by 2D Gaussian model flag? 1=Yesmeta.codeintnullable
J/ApJ/911/28/table3YB position, velocity, and Bayesian distanceSeq[1153/1669] Yellowball identifiermeta.id;meta.mainint_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGLON[30/39.94] Galactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-1.04/0.99] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latVel[0.5/116.4]? Velocity (2)km/sphys.velocfloatnullableDist[0.24/13.5]? Bayesian distance (3)kpcpos.distancefloatnullablee_Dist[0.02/2.2]? Uncertainty in Distkpcstat.errorfloatnullable
J/ApJ/911/28/table4Physical properties of YB-Hi-GAL matched sourcesf_HDistFlag on HDist (1)meta.codecharMass[1.19/15700] Rescaled masssolMassphys.massdoubleSeq[1153/1669] Yellowball identifiermeta.id;meta.mainint_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGLON[30/39.94] Galactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-0.9/0.99] Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latDist[0.54/15.37] Distancekpcpos.distancefloate_Dist[0.07/2.2] Uncertainty in Distkpcstat.errorfloatHDist[0/14.5] HIGAL distancekpcpos.distancefloate_Mass[0.3/2443] Uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatLum[3.3/1115293] Rescaled bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminositydoublee_Lum[2.4/51396] Uncertainty in LumsolLumstat.errordoubleDiam[0.05/2.2] Rescaled diameterpcpos.distancefloate_Diam[0.002/0.22] Uncertainty in Diampcstat.errorfloatRatio[0.1/232] Ratio of Lum to Massphys.composition.massLightRatiofloate_Ratio[0.02/198] Uncertainty in Ratiostat.error;arith.ratiofloatTgray[8.88/40] Dust temperature from greybody fitKphys.temperaturefloate_Tgray[0.12/3.6] Uncertainty in TgrayKstat.errorfloatLratio[6/557] Ratio of Lum to luminosity >350umphys.luminosity;em.mm.750-1500GHz;arith.ratiofloate_Lratio[1/112] Uncertainty in Lratiostat.errorfloatTBol[18/128] Bolometric temperature (2)Kphys.temperaturefloate_TBol[3.6/26] Uncertainty in TBolKstat.errorfloatSDen[0.005/6.9] Surface densityg.cm**-2phot.flux.density.sbfloate_SDen[0.001/2.7] Uncertainty in SDeng.cm**-2stat.errorfloat