J/ApJ/907/91ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/907/91doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19070091CDSLoyd R.O.P.Shkolnik E.L.Schneider A.C.Richey-Yowell T.,Jackman J.A.G.Peacock S.Barman T.S.Pagano I.Meadows V.S.2023-03-30T12:42:58Z2022-06-20T07:20:32ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frdwarf-starsm-starsspectroscopyultraviolet-astronomystellar-agesstellar-spectral-typesThe ultraviolet (UV) emission from the most numerous stars in the universe, M dwarfs, impacts the formation, chemistry, atmospheric stability, and surface habitability of their planets. We have analyzed the spectral evolution of UV emission from M0-M2.5 (0.3-0.6M{sun}) stars as a function of age, rotation, and Rossby number using Hubble Space Telescope observations of Tucana-Horologium (40Myr), Hyades (650Myr), and field (2-9Gyr) objects. The quiescent surface flux of their CII, CIII, CIV, HeII, NV, SiIII, and SiIV emission lines, formed in the stellar transition region, remains elevated at a constant level for 240{+/-}30Myr before declining by 2.1 orders of magnitude to an age of 10Gyr. The MgII and far-UV pseudocontinuum emission, formed in the stellar chromosphere, exhibits more gradual evolution with age, declining by 1.3 and 1.7 orders of magnitude, respectively. The youngest stars exhibit a scatter of 0.1dex in far-UV line and pseudocontinuum flux attributable only to rotational modulation, long-term activity cycles, or an unknown source of variability. Saturation-decay fits to these data can predict an M0-M2.5 star's quiescent emission in UV lines and the far-UV pseudocontinuum with an accuracy of 0.2-0.3dex, the most accurate means presently available. Predictions of UV emission will be useful for studying exoplanetary atmospheric evolution and the destruction and abiotic production of biologically relevant molecules and interpreting infrared and optical planetary spectra measured with observatories like the James Webb Space Telescope.2021ApJ...907...91Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/907/91CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/vsx : AAVSO International Variable Star Index VSX (Watson+, 2006-2014)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/A+A/331/581 : Rotation and activity in field M dwarfs (Delfosse+ 1998)J/A+A/331/81 : Hyades membership (Perryman+ 1998)J/A+A/397/147 : Activity-rotation relationship in stars (Pizzolato+ 2003)J/A+A/460/695 : Search for Associations Containing Young stars (Torres+, 2006)J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)J/A+A/493/645 : Gl 176 radial velocities (Forveille+, 2009)J/A+A/520/A15 : RACE-OC project; YSOs within 100pc (Messina+, 2010)J/A+A/532/A10 : RACE-OC project. II. (Messina+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with rotation periods & Xray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/ApJ/761/166 : Terrestrial exoplanet atmospheres. I. (Hu+, 2012)J/MNRAS/422/2024 : Xray-age relation and exoplanet evaporation (Jackson+, 2012)J/A+A/547/A13 : Homogeneous sample of F6-K4 Hyades stars (Tabernero+, 2012)J/A+A/556/A126 : GJ667C Doppler & activity measurements (Anglada-Escude+, 2013)J/MNRAS/432/1203 : Rotation periods of M-dwarf stars (McQuillan+, 2013)J/MNRAS/431/2063 : UV/X-ray activity of M dwarfs within 10pc (Stelzer+, 2013)J/MNRAS/443/2561 : CONCH-SHELL catalog of nearby M dwarfs (Gaidos+, 2014)J/AJ/147/146 : Spectroscopy of Tuc-Hor candidate members (Kraus+, 2014)J/AJ/148/64 : HAZMAT. I. FUV & NUV emission in early Mstars (Shkolnik+, 2014)J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/ApJ/822/47 : K2 rotation periods for 65 Hyades members (Douglas+, 2016)J/ApJ/821/93 : Rotation & Galactic kinematics of mid M dwarfs (Newton+, 2016)J/A+A/600/A13 : HARPS M dwarf sample magnetic activity (Astudillo-Defru+, 2017)J/AJ/153/128 : WOCS. LXXV. Hyades&Praesepe stellar Li data (Cummings+, 2017)J/AJ/154/67 : HAZMAT. II. Low-mass stars with GALEX UV obs. (Miles+, 2017)J/ApJ/843/31 : MUSCLES Treasury Survey IV Mdwarf UV fluxes (Youngblood+, 2017)J/ApJ/862/33 : Improved & expanded membership cat. for NGC752 (Agueros+, 2018)J/AJ/155/265 : The solar neighborhood. XLIV. RECONS discoveries (Henry+, 2018)J/AJ/156/217 : Stellar properties for M dwarfs in MEarth-South (Newton+, 2018)J/AJ/155/39 : Variability properties TIC sources with KELT (Oelkers+, 2018)J/AJ/155/122 : HAZMAT. III. Low-mass stars GALEX photometry (Schneider+, 2018)J/AJ/158/77 : Candidates & members of Pisces-Eridanus stream (Curtis+, 2019)J/ApJ/879/100 : K2 rotation periods Hyades & Praesepe members (Douglas+, 2019)J/ApJ/872/17 : HAZMAT. V. UV & X-ray evolution K stars (Richey-Yowell+, 2019)J/AJ/160/90 : Stellar parameters for 13196 Kepler dwarfs (Angus+, 2020)J/ApJ/904/140 : Ruprecht 147 members & rot. data for 5 other cl (Curtis+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/91https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/91http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/91https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/91https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/91http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/91GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/907/91/fig3 (Surface fluxes of strong UV emission lines as a function of rotation period)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/91/fig3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/91/fig3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/91/fig3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true44.5836886-0.99262110.0055555555555555566/337 17502 22626 23521 23523 23527 23545 24227 24232 28548 32319 33501 33520 33716 33737 34450 34830 35531 36862 42459 45336 45345 45389 46632https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/907/91?format=asciiUVdefaultJ/ApJ/907/91/fig3Surface fluxes of strong UV emission lines as a function of rotation period2MASS2MASS identifiermeta.idcharIDStellar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintAge[4e+07/8.71e+09] Ageyrtime.agedoublee_Age[5e+06/6e+09] Lower uncertainty in Ageyrstat.error;time.age;stat.mindoubleE_Age[5e+06/9e+09] Upper uncertainty in Ageyrstat.error;time.age;stat.maxdoubleProt[0.57/104]? Rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullablee_Prot[1.57/9.3]? Uncertainty in Protdstat.errorfloatnullableRo[0.01/2.09]? Rossby numberstat.paramfloatnullableSFSi4[533/65300]? Si IV 1393,1402A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.100-200nmdoublenullableE_SFSi4[8.82/19500]? Upper uncertainty in SF-Si4mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullable_RAPositions from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_Ro[0.02/0.2]? Uncertainty in Rostat.errorfloatnullableSpTypeSpectral type (1)src.spTypecharASpTypeAlternate spectral type (1)src.spTypecharSFMg2[60200/1.68e+06]? Mg II 2796,2803A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.200-300nmdoublenullableE_SFMg2[357/134000]? Upper uncertainty in SF-Mg2mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFMg2[472/143000]? Lower uncertainty in SF-Mg2mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableSFC2[1060/126000]? C II 1334,1335A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.100-200nmdoublenullableE_SFC2[10.5/9450]? Upper uncertainty in SF-C2mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFC2[12.3/15000]? Lower uncertainty in SF-C2mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableSFSi3[354/59300]? Si III 1206A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.100-200nmdoublenullableE_SFSi3[6.86/7800]? Upper uncertainty in SF-Si3mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFSi3[6.72/8200]? Lower uncertainty in SF-Si3mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableSFC3[471/94500]? C III 1175A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.100-200nmdoublenullableE_SFC3[10.9/12900]? Upper uncertainty in SF-C3mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFC3[7.68/8850]? Lower uncertainty in SF-C3mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullablee_SFSi4[8.39/8920]? Lower uncertainty in SF-Si4mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableSFHe2[1400/180000]? He II 1604A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.100-200nmdoublenullableE_SFHe2[20/36300]? Upper uncertainty in SF-He2mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFHe2[15/64000]? Lower uncertainty in SF-He2mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableSFC4[1670/266000]? C IV 1548,1550A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.100-200nmdoublenullableE_SFC4[35.7/22200]? Upper uncertainty in SF-C4mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFC4[31.4/20400]? Lower uncertainty in SF-C4mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableSFN5[522/56600]? N V 1238,1242A surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UV.100-200nmdoublenullableE_SFN5[10.4/10000]? Upper uncertainty in SF-N5mW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFN5[10.3/4380]? Lower uncertainty in SF-N5mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableSFCont[4900/330000]? FUV pseudocontinuum surface flux; erg/s/cm^2^mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.UVdoublenullableE_SFCont[110/13000]? Upper uncertainty in ContmW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_SFCont[110/13000]? Lower uncertainty in ContmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullable